Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 habitats
|
rainforest, deciduous seasonal forest, montane forest, grassland savannah
|
|
5 niches
|
insectivore, sapivore, frugivore, follivore, opportunisic omnivore
|
|
what does carrying capacity influence?
|
group size, # of species
|
|
sportive lemur
|
fecal eating
|
|
howler
|
long intestine to forment
|
|
langur, colobus
|
2 part stomach
|
|
gorilla
|
sheer size helps it digest leaves
|
|
what are two examples of sapivores?
|
marmoset, lemur
|
|
what are two types of frugivores?
|
seed disperser (dont digest seed; symbiotic relationship) and seed predator
|
|
what is the most species a forest can support?
|
15 species; at least 2-3 per forest
|
|
What are the characteristics of a K Strategist (most primates)?
|
stable, predictable; fewer offspring; longer lives; slower development; high parental investment; large body; intraspecific competition; mortality steady
|
|
What are the characteristics of a R(eproduction) Strategist?
|
variable, unpredictable; high reproduction rate; high infant mortality; fast development; low parental investment; small body; variable population size; catastrophic
|
|
When do most births take place?
|
Rainy season
|
|
When does most mating take place?
|
Dry season
|
|
Who was George Schaller?
|
UW Zoology grad student who studied mountain gorilla in 1963.
|
|
"no complete competitors can co-exist"
|
Russ Mittermier
|
|
allopatric
|
can't live in the same area
|
|
sympatric
|
can live in the same area
|
|
What are the 8 sympatric species?
|
golden haired tamarin, squirrel monkey, 2 species of capuchin, howler (leaves), spider (fruit), and 2 species of saki
|
|
What is a barrier for most primates?
|
Water (want to have babies during wet season to help them survive)
|
|
Other barriers
|
altitude, desert or savannah
|
|
What do all primates like to eat?
|
fruit (esp figs)
|
|
potto
|
eats poisonous bugs
|
|
What do orangutans, gibbons, and spider monkeys have in common?
|
all are frugivores
|
|
what causes gorillas to have black teeth?
|
tanin from leaves they eat
|
|
what is bamboo high in?
|
strictnine
|
|
What do macaques and baboons have in common?
|
more omnivorous and eat bird eggs
|
|
what are some cues of carrying capacity?
|
black or brown water means nutrients leaking through soil into water which means a relatively lower carrying capacity which leades to fewer species and smaller groups
|
|
sympatric
|
more than 1 species in a forest
|
|
allopatric
|
competition to exclude others
|
|
africas predators
|
felines, raptors
|
|
neotropics predators
|
birds - esp south america
|
|
asia predators
|
felines - tigers, leopards
|
|
how many kills were reported in the africa savannah?
|
46,000 total (75 baboons) by 58 leopards, 7 lions, 7 hyenas, 2 crocodiles, 1 python
|
|
2 harpy eagles in guyana
|
killed 1/3 of monkeys (47/141) (1 cebid per month)
|
|
ecuadorian hunter gatherers
|
killed 562 wooly monkeys and 246 howlers in a 3 year period
|
|
What did Glen Hansfateu study?
|
parasite avoidance - baboons and sleeping tree groves in Amboseli
|
|
how long did it takes hansfateu's baboons to return to the original acacia grove?
|
9.1 days
|
|
what is herpes samiri?
|
latent virus in squirrel monkeys (like mild mono)
|
|
herpes samiri transmission
|
vertical transmission (from mother to offspring)
|
|
why is herpes samiri deadly?
|
infectious and lethal to several other NW monkeys (owl monkeys, tamarins, marmosets, spider)
|
|
what monkey is not affected by herpes samiri?
|
capuchin
|
|
Strateies for fending off predators (5)
|
(1) get bigger (2) multi male social groups (3) communication -cooperative calling (4) avoid edges, top of canopy (5) leaping or cryptic motion
|
|
monkey island in colombia
|
brought 3000 squirrel monkeys to sell; dropped to 1000; island was mostly underwater in the rainy season; trees werent suited to squirrel monkeys
|
|
what are 4 social organizations?
|
(1) exclusion (2) inhibition (3) emigration (4) dominance
|
|
what are two types of mate selection?
|
sexual dimorphism and female choice
|
|
what are 4 types of sexual behavior?
|
mating, seasonality, puberty, and endocrinology (hormones and behavior)
|
|
what does seasonally polyestrus mean?
|
repeated times of mating - as soon as conception happes cycle stops
|
|
what are ecological zeitgebers?
|
timing mechanisms for mating
|
|
testosterone is highest at what time?
|
6 am (testosterone rises during the night and drops during the day)
|
|
when do primates mate in temperate zones when they ignore rain?
|
during a period with short days and long nights
|
|
what did j vandenbergh study?
|
estrogen injections into female rhesus monkeys
|
|
ow monkeys rely on mostly ____ cues
|
visual
|
|
estrogen rises during the ____ 2 weeks then declines
|
first (follicular phase)
|
|
progesterone rises during the _____ 2 weeks
|
last (progesterone is made when the egg leaves - luteal)
|
|
what is the source of progesterone?
|
corpus luteum
|
|
estrogen _____ mating and progesterone acts as the ___ switch
|
stimulates(estrogen); off(progesteron)
|
|
what is receptivity?
|
willingness for a female to accept the male
|
|
what are aliphatic acids?
|
signals sexual readiness of female (more w/estrogen) OW primate is not good at smelling these
|
|
what is ethology?
|
naturalistic behavior of a species (european tradition of behavioral research)
|
|
what is sociobiology?
|
group behavior genetics and evolution of social behavior (more likely to protect relatives due to shared dna)
|
|
What are ultimate reasons for being social?
|
reproductive strategies, predator defense, raising of offspring, resource utilization, and population dispersal
|
|
what are proximate reasons for being social?
|
sex (sexual attraction), fear reduction, social bonding, finding food, and territoriality
|
|
"Social life of monkeys and apes"
|
Sally Zuckerman (1932)
|
|
What did Zuckerman say were the 2 main reasons for being social?
|
sexual attraction and dominance hierarchy (Londong zoo observatory)
|
|
"gregarious tendency"
|
Schneida
|
|
what is obligative?
|
genetic reasons for social behavior
|
|
what is facultative?
|
learned reasons for social behavior
|
|
what are social group characteristics?
|
size, # of males, type of dominance relations, cohesiveness and stability, emigration patterns
|
|
What sex leaves the group in chimps and gorillas?
|
female leaves groups in chimps and gorillas
|
|
what sex leaves the group in monkeys?
|
males leave the group in monkeys
|
|
What are the 4 social structures?
|
(1) solitary (2) monogamous pairs (3) one male w/ harem (4) multi male/ multi female
|
|
what are the multi male/ multi female types?
|
sex segregated (dont interact much but travel together), age graded (1 dominant leader), fission fusion (live apart and live together sporatically)
|
|
what are some solitary primates?
|
galago, mouse lemur, orangutan are all solitary
|
|
what are some characteristics of solitary primates?
|
territorial, females more social than males, males push out sons
|
|
p charles dominique
|
galago
|
|
robert martin
|
mouse lemur
|
|
What are some monogamous primates?
|
marmoset, tamarin, gibbon, mentawl langur
|
|
what are some characteristics of monogamous primates?
|
territorial, less social dimorphism, more paternal care (dad often carries kids), and both m/f leave or assist in care of younger siblings
|
|
what are some one male w/female harem primates?
|
howler, guenons, patas
|
|
what are some characteristics of one male w/female harem primates?
|
sexual dimorphism prominent, OW monkeys sons emigrate due to dad driving them out,
|
|
what do langurs often do?
|
infanticide; kill all babies of the main dominant male (also hamydras and geladas)
|
|
what are some multi male / multi female primates?
|
ground living OW monkeys - squirrel monkeys, gorillas, chimps
|
|
what are some characteristics of multi male / multi female groups?
|
sexual dimorphism, more females than males - females more social, male dominance hierarchy
|
|
sexual segregation
|
more peripheral - reduces male tensions (ringtailed lemur, squirrel monkeys, talapoin)
|
|
what is an age graded group?
|
has an alpha male - Ex: Silver back
|
|
what are two fission fusion primates?
|
muriqui and chimp
|
|
which primate has a female matriarchy w/ affiliated males?
|
bonobo
|
|
robert hinde
|
gradation of group structures
|
|
robert hinde
|
behavioral units > individual predispositions > interactions/time > social relationships > social group structure
|
|
hans kummer
|
baboons
|
|
hybrid zone in ethiopia (awash natl park)
|
interbreeding between anubis - hamydras
|
|
what type of social group is a hamydras in?
|
monogamous
|
|
squirrel monkeys in S America
|
segregated s of amazon, male - female dominance, male avoidance, males submissive - sit lower
|
|
galago
|
solitary
|
|
loris
|
solitary
|
|
mouse lemur
|
solitary
|
|
marmosets
|
fam
|
|
tamarin
|
monogamous
|
|
japanese macaque
|
multi male groups
|
|
s of amazon
|
eye patch flatter
|
|
n of amazon
|
clown like
|
|
prosimian pregnancy duration
|
2-4 months
|
|
monkey pregnancy duration
|
5.5-7 months
|
|
ape pregnancy duration
|
8 months
|
|
are twins common in primates?
|
No rhesus monkey (1/1600) humans (1/60-80)
|
|
behavior changes during pregnancy
|
lethargy, sexual abstinenece, eating/drinking changes, raging hormones
|
|
b marriot
|
less of vertical strata for food sources, changing association and ranging, isolation (in some species), pimiparous- less play
|
|
birth for chimps is a ____ event
|
solo
|
|
estrogen and progesterone
|
at highest during pregnancy, increases during conception, highest right before birth
|
|
C.G.
|
raises after conception for a few months
|
|
cortisol
|
raises during pregnancy, decreases slightly before birth
|
|
why is cortisol high during pregnancy ?
|
sugar levels up which inhibits immune system (otherwise would reject baby as foreign object)
|
|
prolactin
|
low until shortly before birth then rises
|
|
oxytocin
|
peaks slightly before birth; helps with contractions & delivery
|
|
why do primates eat the placenta after birth giving? (placentophagia)
|
odors- helps avoid predation, hormones, nutrients, remove from baby due to weight, blood transfusion
|
|
functions of placenta
|
antibody transfer, maternal immuglobin G to fetus before birth, P.I.
|
|
when do most births happen?
|
10 pm - 2 am
|
|
"civilization and its discontents"
|
sigmund freud - leader of unit=social law, most dont like being followers
|
|
"social life of monkeys and apes"
|
sally zuckerman
|
|
"on aggression"
|
konrad lorenz
|
|
"the naked ape"
|
desmond morris
|
|
"territorial imperative"
|
robert ardrey
|
|
two reasons for dominance
|
defense of resources (space) and access to mates (mate selection)
|
|
Schjelderup-Ebbe
|
"pecking order"
|
|
dominance measures
|
aggression, threats, symbolic displays, location, displacement, food/water competition tests, sex, grooming, attention structure
|
|
what causes dominance?
|
(1) mating season (2) limited number of receptive females (3) limited food, water (4) shade trees/sleeping trees
|
|
Frans de Wal
|
reconciliation, "chimpanzee politics"
|
|
dominance is a _____ construct
|
relational
|
|
dominance is not an attribute of _____ or synonomous with ______
|
individuals; aggression
|
|
motivation for dominance
|
higher or lower depending on context, unfamiliarity and xenophobia affect dominance
|
|
functions of dominance
|
space, mate, resources, "priority of access to desired, but limited incentives"
|
|
toshisada nishida
|
community- fission/fusion, "unit groups"
|
|
chimp groups are organized around what sex?
|
males - stay in birth community and move up dominance hierarchy
|
|
males from ______ invaded and killed males from _____
|
kasakela (invaders) ; kahama (killed)
|
|
goodall noticed that chimps eat _____ more than expected
|
meat
|
|
tool use in chimps is passed down through ____
|
culural methods
|