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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What factors have caused the evolution and diversity of organisms?
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Evolution, natural selection
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What were Darwin's important observations?
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The diversity of organisms, the remains of ancient organisms, and the characteristics of organisms on the Galapagos Islands.
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How did Darwin account for the diversity of species and the differences between similar species?
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He felt that evolution explained the differences. He hypothosized that species gradually changed over many generations and became better adapted to new and different environments.
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What is scientific theory?
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It is a well tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.
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How does natural selection lead to evolution?
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Individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive.
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What was the name of the book Darwin published in 1859?
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On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
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Did Darwin write "Essay on the Principles of Population"?
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No, Thomas Robert Malthus did.
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What does overproduction refer to?
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It is a natural selection concept mentioned in Essay on the Principles of Population and refers to the fact that food supply is sometimes not large enough to supply all offspring. And that the strongest, healthiest, most adaptable will win the food and and survive.
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Compare South American and Galapagos Iguanas.
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South American have smaller claws for climbing trees and eating leaves. Island ones had larger claws for climbing slippery rocks where they would eat seaweed.
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How did the beaks of Galapagos finches (birds) differ from one island to another?
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There were beak size and shape differences. Narrow needle like beaks are for eating insects and strong wide beaks are for eating seeds.
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Give an example of selective breeding.
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Sheep are selectively bred for their fine wool. Race horses are bred for speed.
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What are some variations that sea turtles might exhibit?
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Speed and color camoflaging are traits that could distinguish one sea turtle from another and influence their likelyhood of survival.
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How does selective breeding support Darwin's hypothesis?
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It shows that isolating a trait (such as speed or color) in reproduction can cause undesireable traits to be seen less frequently or even extinct and increase the frequency in which we see the desirable trait in future generations.
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What is variation?
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Differences between individuals of the same species.
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What evidence supports the theory of evolution?
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Similar body structures, patterns of early development, molecular structure and fossils provide evidence that organisms have changed over time.
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What is comparative anatomy?
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A comparison of the structures of different organisms. Fish, mammals, birds, etc. all have similar anatomy because of their backbone and are all considered vertebrae.
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How do fossils form?
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Most happen when animals who die are buried in sediments (soil and rock which harden and become molds and casts.
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What do scientists learn from fossils?
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Evidence about the history of life and past environments and the rate at which evolution has occurred.
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What is a trace fossil?
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Evidence of the activities of ancient organisms - like a footprint or a burrow.
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How can the remains of an organism be preserved with little change?
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In tar (like dinosaurs), amber (like insects), or frozen (wooly mammoth).
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What is gradualism?
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A hypothesis that proposes that evolutions occurs slowly but steadily. It is different than Punctuated Equilibria.
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What is punctuated equilibria?
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A belief that species evolve quickly during short periods of time and then there are long periods of time with no changes.
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Which belief (gradualism or punctuated equilibria) could explain the gaps in the fossil records?
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Punctuated equilibria.
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What factors have contributed to the diversity of species?
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Different environments and genetic variation along with natural selection have created the diversity of organisms that exist today.
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How do new species form?
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When a group of individuals remain isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits (ie:Kaibab and Abert squirrels' black belly vs. white belly)
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How do scientists infer evolutionary relationships among species?
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DNA, protein structure, fossils, early development, and body structure are used to determine evolutionary relationships among species.
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What causes the extinction of species?
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Lack of adaption to changes in a species environment can cause extinction. This prevents them from surviving and reproducing. This change can be a new disease, strengthened preditors,climate change, etc.
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What is an example of an animal that has changed little over time but has survived despite many changes to the climate?
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Horseshoe crabs. They have been on earth before dinosaurs. Environmental change therefore does not always lead to extinction.
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Does environmental change always lead to extinction?
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No. Horseshoe crabs are an example of that.
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Name two factors that account for the diversity in species.
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DNA mutations and rearrangement of genes during meiosis.
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What trait in a species may allow them to survive changes in their environment?
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Species who have a lot of genetic diversity (a species of bird who has everything from short to long beaks, etc.).
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What is an example of species today that lacks diversity?
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Cheetah.
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What is the main way new species form?
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Geographic isolation. it is when some members of a species get totally cut of from the rest of the species. This can happen from a landform change like an earthquake or an ocean wave which can sweep individuals off the mainland to an island.
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What animal is the elephant shrew (little mice like animal) related to?
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Elephant!
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What factor may have caused the extinction of the wooly mammoth?
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climate change
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Why do biologists organize living things?
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so the organisms are easier to study.
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What do the levels of classification indicate about the relationships between organisms?
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There are 8 levels. the more two organisms have in common the more characteristics they share.
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What are the 8 levels of classification?
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domain, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, species
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What characteristics seperate organisms within domains and kingdoms?
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cell type, ability to make food, and number of cells in their body
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Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes
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What are the three domains?
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Give three examples of eukaryotes.
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seaweed, mushrooms, tomatoes, dogs, people, etc.
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what are the 4 kingdoms of eukarya?
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protists, fungi, plants and animals
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how does a branching tree diagram show evolution?
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it shows probable evolutionary relationships among organisms and the order they may have evolved.
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what is a shared derived charcteristic?
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a shared characteristic (like having a backbone) that all organisms in a group have.
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