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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Reaction range
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The fact that the same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes in reaction to the environment in which development takes place.
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Heritability coefficient
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Estimates the extent to which differences in people reflect heredity.
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Niche-picking
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Deliberately seeking environments that fit one's heredity.
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Non-shared environmental influences
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The forces within a family that make children different from one another.
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Human development
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The multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.
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Chromosomal Disorder
Klinefelter's Syndrome |
Sex chromosomes XXY
(1 in 500 Males) Tall, small testicles, sterile, below normal intelligence, passive. |
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Chromosomal Disorder
XXY Complement |
Sex chromosomes XXY
(1 in 1,000 Males) Tall, some cases have below-normal intelligence |
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Chromosomal Disorder
Turner's Syndrome |
Sex chromosomes X
(1 in 2,500-5,000 Females) Short, limited development of secondary sex characteristics, problems perceiving spacial relations |
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Chromosomal Disorder
XXX Syndrome |
Sex chromosomes XXX
(1 in 500-1,200 Females) Normal stature but delayed motor and language development |
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Period of the Zygote
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Weeks 1-2, in which the egg gets fertilized, gets implanted in the wall of the uterus, and begins rapidly dividing
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Period of the Embryo
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Weeks 3-8, in which body structures and internal organs develop. Also, the embryo forms in three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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Ectoderm
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The outer layer of the embryo that becomes the hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system
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Mesoderm
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The middle layer of the embryo that becomes muscles, bones, and the circulatory system
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Endoderm
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The inner layer of the embryo that becomes the digestive system and lungs
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At how many weeks can you see embryo's eyes, jaw, arms, and legs?
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8 weeks
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Cephalocaudal principle
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Growth from the head to the base of the spine
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Proximodistal principle
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Growth of parts near center of the body before those more distant. Ex, arms and legs develop before hands and feet
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Period of the Fetus
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Weeks 9-38, in which cartilage begins to turn to bone and bodily systems begin to work
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How many pounds will the fetus gain in the last five months of pregnancy?
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7-8 pounds
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Age of Viability
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22-28 weeks, the point at which most systems function well enough that a fetus born at this time has a chance to survive
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Three General Risk factors for pregnant women
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Nutrition, Stress, and the Mother's Age
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Teratogen
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An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Children whose mothers drank alcohol while pregnant; symptoms include growth more slowly than normal, heart problems, and misshapen faces
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Consequences of Alcohol while pregnant
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Fetal alcohol syndrome, cognitive deficits, heart damage, retarded growth
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Consequences of Aspirin while pregnant
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Deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skills
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Consequences of Caffeine while pregnant
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Lower birth weight, decreased muscle tone
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Consquences of Cocaine and Heroin while pregnant
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Retarded growth, irritability in newborns
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Consequences of Marijuana while pregnant
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Lower birth weight, less motor control
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Consequences of Nicotine while pregnant
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Retarded growth, possible cognitive impairments
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In Vitro fertilization
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Mixing sperm and egg together in a petri dish and then placing several fertilized eggs in the mother's uterus
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AIDS' effect on baby
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Frequent infections, neurological disorders, death
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Cytomegalovirus' effect on baby
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Deafness, blindness, abnormally small head, mental retardation
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Genital Herpes' effect on baby
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Encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting
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Rubella's effect on baby
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Mental retardation, damage to eyes, ears, and heart
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Syphilis' effect on baby
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Damage to Central Nervous System, teeth, and bones
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Lead's possible effect on baby
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Mental retardation
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Mercury's possible effect on baby
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Retarded growth, mental retardation, cerebral palsy
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PCBs' possible effect on baby
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Impaired memory and verbal skills
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X-ray's possible effects on baby
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Retarded growth, leukemia, mental retardation
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Amniocentesis
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A technique in which a needle is inserted through the mother's abdomen to obtain amniotic fluid sample
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Chorionic Villus sampling (CVS)
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A procedure in which a sample of tissue is obtained from part of the placenta
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Fetal medicine
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Concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth
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Stage 1 of Labor
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May last 12-24 hours; when the uterus first starts to contract, ultimately enlarging the cervix to 10 centimeters
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Stage 2 of Labor
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Lasts about an hour; Baby passes through cervix and enters the vagina.
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Stage 3 of Labor
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Lasts mere minutes; mother pushes after birth to expel the placenta
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Postpartum Depression
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Affects 10-15% of new mothers, largely contributed by biology
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Cephalopelvic Disproportion
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When the infant's head is larger than the pelvis, making it impossible for the baby to pass through the birth canal
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Irregular position complication
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In shoulder presentation, the baby is lying crosswise in the uterus and the shoulder appears first; in breech presentation the buttocks.
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Preeclampsia complication
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A pregnant woman has high blood pressure, protein in her uterine, and swelling in her extremities (due to fluid retention)
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Prolapsed umbilical cord complication
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The umbilical cord precedes the baby through the birth canal and is squeezed shut, cutting off oxygen to the baby
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Premature
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Pre-term babies; born before the 36th week
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Low birth weight
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Babies that weigh 5.5 pounds or less
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Very low birth weight
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Babies that weigh 3.3 pounds or less
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Extremely low birth weight
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Babies that weigh 2.2 pounds or less
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What country has the highest infant mortality rate?
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Afghanistan; 1 in 6 will die before first birthday
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