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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Five levels of organization:

protoplasmic grade


celllular grade


cell-tissue


tissue-organ


organ-system level

protoplasmic grade

simplest. unicellular organisms (paramecium)


all functions done by organelles w/in cell


all individual cells are alike

Cellular grade

groups of cells are functionally differentiated


e.g. protozoa, sponges

Cell-tissue grade

similar cells aggregate into distinct tissues


eg. cnidarians (e.g. jellyfishes)

tissue-organ grade

aggregations of tissues into organs


eg. flatworms

organs:

structures consisting of one or more tissue type; have specialized functions

organ-system grade

most complex


systems of organs work together to perform function


e.g. circulatory system, digestive system.


most animal phyla have this

Tissues:

aggregation of cells that perform a common function.

histology:

study of tissues

4 types of tissues

epithelial


connective


muscular


nervous

epithelial tissue:

sheets of cells that cover an external or internal surface.


protection, lines organs of body cavity, secretion (mucus, hormones), absorption (nutrients in digestive tract)

simple epithelium

1 cell layer

stratified epithelium

multiple cell layers

simple squamous epithelium:

flattened cells, materials diffuse through readily (lungs, capillaries)

cuboidal:

short, boxlike, specialized for secretion; e.g., lines small ducts in kidney, salivary and other grands

columnar:

tall cellls with elongated nuclei, absorptive surfaces. e.g. intestinal tract

stratified squamous:

cells adapted to withstand mild abrasion, basal layers constantly dividing to replace sloughed off cells

transitional epithelium:

specialized to accommodate great stretching; e.g., urinary tract and bladder

connective tissues:

diverse group of tissues with various binding and supportive functio`ns

loose connective tissue (areolar tissue);

"packing material" of body, anchors blood vessels and organs, composed of fibers and other cells in a syrupy ground substance

adipose tissue (fat) connective

mostly yellow fat, some mammals have mitochondria-rich brown fat between shoulder blades to generate extra heat

dense (or fibrous) connective

packed fibers, tendons and ligaments. very strong tissue

Blood, lymph, tissue fluid (connective)

distinctive cells in a fluid ground substance, plasma, collectively called vascular tissue

cacrtilage (connective)

chondrocytes packed in firm gel matrix, lacks blood supply, cannot repair itself (external ears, nose, padding between bones)

bone:

strongest of connective tissues, mineralized collagen fiber, can repair itself

muscular tissue:

composed of elongated fibers specialized for contraction (3 types)

smooth muscle:

cells with tapered ends. no striations. involuntary (contractions controlled by nervous system). e.g. sheets of muscle lining blood vessels, respiratory passages, urinary ducts, peristaltic contractions of digestive tract

skeletal muscle:

striated (light and dark bands), extremely long, cylindrical, multinucleated fibers, voluntary, each fiber a single cell with many nuclei formed from fusion of different cells (e.g., arms, legs)

cardiac muscle:

found only in heart, also striated.


shorter than skeletal muscle and have only 1 nucleus. branching network of fibers.


involuntary

nervous tissue:

receives stimuli and conducts impulses from one region to another

neurons:

basic functional cell type, may attach to muscle or to another neuron

glial cells:

insulate neurons and provide various support functions

integument:

outer protective covering of animal; skin and all the structures that derive from skin.


protects against puncture, infection, fluid loss or gain, ultraviolet radiation


temp reg.


sensory.


camouflage


olfactory cues

hydrostatic skeleton

no rigid skeleton, body shape maintained by internal fluid pressure

exoskeleton;

rigid external skeleton; molluses (calcium carbonate and protein) and arthropods (chitin and protein); muscles attach to skeleton

endoskeleton:

vertebrates, composed of bone and/or cartilage; muscles attach to skeleton

amoeboid movement:

unicellular organisms, white blood cells; pseudopodia ('false feet') extrude cytoplasm

cilia:

minute hair-like structures that extend from cell surface; propel unicellular organisms

flagella:

whiplike structures; range from one to many located on cell ends

movement via muscle fibres:

vertebrates & invertebrates; muscles can only contract or relax; movement occurs via combinations and placements of muscles in the body.


requires a lot of energy (ATP)


1) uses up available ATP


2) creatine phosphate converts ADP to ATP


3) glycogen (poly versions of glucose mols) undergo glycolysis to yield more ATP