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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are benzodiazepines used for?
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Used to treat anxiety (anxiolytic drugs)
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What is the MOA of benzodiazepines?
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Act by increasing frequency of Cl- channels opening via GABA stimulation. Leads to hyperpolarization decreases AP.
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What is a reversal agent for benzodiazepines?
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Fulmazenil
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What is the MOA of morphine?
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Acts as opioid mu receptor agonist.
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Is morphine a full or mixed opioid agaonist?
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full
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What are the effects of morphine administration?
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causes suprasppinal/spinal analgesia, euphoria, sedation, miosis, respiratory depression, dependance, decrease in ACh release and dopamine release, increase or decrease in locomotion.
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What is the duration of morphines actions and in cats is the half life longer or shorter?
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The duration of effects are 3 -4 hours. The half life is longer in cats.
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What drug is has the same effects and MOA as morphine but is more potent by a factor of 5x - 10x.
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Hydromorphone
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Oxymorphone, meperidine, fentanyl and etorphine are all examples of?
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Opioid full agonists
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Is butorphanol a full, partial or mixed agonist/antagonist of opioid receptors?
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mixed agonist/antagonist
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At which receptor does butorphanol act on?
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It is a partial mu agonist and a full kappa agonist both opioid receptors
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The effects of butorphanol are? what relation are these effects to morphines similar effects?
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Analgesia 4-7 times that of morphine, in dogs acts as antitussive/antiemetic.
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What is the MOA of Naloxane?
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opiod antagonist which binds to and blocks mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors, also displaces opioids within receptors.
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What is the net effect of naloxane administration?
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In essence halts analgesia.
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What is naloxane used for?
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Post operative reversal of repiratory depression, reverse repiratory depression in neonates following caesarean section and also Tx for shock.
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What drug acts the same as naloxane but is generally used in wildlife immobilization/depression. hint it reverses strong opioids.
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Naltrexone
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What is the MOA of Acepromazine?
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Acts as non-selective competitive blocker of dopamine, alpha 1 and cholinergic receptors.
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What is acepromazine used for?
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Treatment for schizophrenia, anti-emetic, tranquillizer and pre-anesthetic.
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Acepromazine has a ____ Vd and goes through phase ___ metabolism in liver?
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large, 1
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What are the effects of acepromazine?
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Anti-dopamine effects are decreased movement, excitation and emoition.
anti alpha 1 effects are decreased excitation and BP. anti cholinergic effects are decreased Gi and urinary tract muscle contraction. |
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Is acepromazine a phenotiazine, a barbituate or a butyrophenone?
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phenotiazine
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What are 3 drugs with similar action to acepromazine? (we learned 4)
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Promethazine (phenothiazine), chlopromazine(phenothiazine), fluphenazine (phenothiazine) and azaperone (butyrophenone)
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What is Doxapram used for?
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neuroleptic reversal agent - antagonist, used as treatment for overdose of neuroleptic drugs
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What are the effects of doxapram use?
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Stimulate CNS
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What is the MOA of phenobarbitol?
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Increases duration of Cl- channel opening which increases action of GABA, leads to inhibition of AP. overall effect is decrease of spread of AP during seizures.
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What type of drug is phenobarbitol (family)?
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Barbiturate
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T/F Phenobarbitol induces CYT P450 therefore dosage doesn't change over time?
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F- it does induce CYT P450, the net result of this is a tolerance is built up and dosage changes are needed over time.
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Phenobarbitol has ____ activity but ______ duration with very good bioavailability.
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slow, long
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Which drug is the same as phenobarbitol with faster onset and often used in euthanasia?
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Pentobarbitol
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What is the MOA of Diazepam?
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Potentiates GABA creating a state of hyperpolerization which inhibits AP.
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What type of drug is Diazepam?
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It is a benzodiazepine which acts as an anti-convulscent.
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T/F Diazepam is used acutely for status epilepticus with not long term use in dogs due to tolerance issues.
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T- on a side note there are no such tolerance issues in cats
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Which drug is the same as Diazepam however much less potent? It is generally used in concert with phenobarbitol.
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Chlorazepate
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Which drug is a benzodiazepine reversal agent- antagonist.
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Flumazenil
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What is the MOA of Phenytoin?
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It is an ion channel inhibitor which decreases Na and Ca influx and Na efflux causing inhibition of AP. The net effect is a decreased spread of epileptic AP.
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What is one of the main problems with using Phenytoin for seizures?
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Has small therapeutic window
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What is the MOA of Gabapentin?
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Acts as GABA analog which acts as anti-convulscent by decreasing spread of AP.
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What is the MOA of Zonisamide?
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Inhibits the voltage gated Na and Ca channels creating a state of hyperpolarization thereby decreasing the spread of seizure and AP
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Is Zonisamide a new or old anticonvulscent?
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New
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What is Levetiracetum?
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A new drug anticonvulscent.
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Is potassium bromide a new or old drug?
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old
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What is the MOA of KBr?
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Acts by Br- entering Cl- channel causing hyperpolerization. Used as anticonvulscent.
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Why is KBr not used in cats?
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Can cause asthma in cats
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What is the MOA of Xylazine?
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It is Alpha 2 agonist, non-opioid analgesic acts by activating alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in CNS.
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What is the effect of Xylazine administration?
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Sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, emesis, decreased GI motility, *HYPOTENSION*, diuresis, decreased RR, *DECREASED CO*.
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High doses of Xylazine induce _________.
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seizures
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Xylazine is more potent in _____ than horses.
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Cattle
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Main uses of Xylazine are (2 of them)?
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Analgesia and chemical restraint
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Name 3 drugs that act in the same manner as Xylazine?
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Detomidine, Medetomidine and Romifidine.
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What are 2 alpha 2 reversal agents?
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Yohimbine and Idazoxan
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What is Procaine used for?
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Local anesthetic (ester type)
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What is the MOA of Procaine
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Acts by competitively blocking Na channels therefore no AP produced.
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Penetration of membranes by topical anesthetics (procaine) require what 3 factors?
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1. Lipophilic
2. small molecular size 3.non-ionized form |
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What are general side effects of all local anesthetics?
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CNS stimulation at high doses, and cardiovascular depression.
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Of the drugs Procaine, Prilocaine, Lidocaine and Cocaine which are safe to use on cats and why?
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Procaine and cocaine are safe with cats because they are metabolized in the blood. Prilocaine and lidocaine are metabolized in liver via glucuronidation which in cats is lacking.
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Is the MOA of Procaine the same as Cocaine, Lidocaine, Prilocaine?
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Yes
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Are prilocaine and lidocaine amides or esters?
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They are both amides
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What are Bupivicaine, EMLA cream and tricaine methanesulfonate used for?
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Local anesthetic with cream used to treat wounds
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What is Guaifenesin used for?
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A pre-anesthetic muscle relaxer
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What are the effects of Guaifenesin?
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Decreases BP, sedation with relaxation however minimal analgesia.
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How is Guaifenesin metbolized and excreted?
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Metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
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What species is Guaifenesin usually used on?
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Horses, cattle and swine
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What are side effects and results of overdose of Guaifenesin?
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Sides effeccts are injection site necrosis and allergic reations. Overdose causes bradycardia, hypotension and cardiac arrest.
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Nitrous Oxide is the least or most hepatotoxic of all the inhalation anesthetics.
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Least
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Nitrous oxide has ____ MAC and therefore has a ____ potency.
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High, low
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Nitrous oxide has a _____ B:G therefore _____ blood soluability and therefore a _____ induction and recovery time.
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Low, low, fast
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What are Nitrous oxide, Isofluorane, halothane, sevoflurane?
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Inhalational general anesthetics
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What are some effects of Nitrous oxide inhalation?
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Increases SNS therefore increased HR, RR, BP and CO.
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Halothane has a ____ MAC and a ______ B:G. This means it has a ____ potency and a ______ induction and recovery time.
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Low, High, High, slow
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Isofluorane has a _____ MAC and ____ B:G.
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Midrange, midrange
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What is a main side effect of Isofluorane use?
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Airway irritation causing coughing
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What are the effects of isofluorane use?
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Good muscle relaxing effects, no analgesia, decreases BP and may increase HR, dialates coronary vessels.
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T/F Halothane is commonly used in Veterinary Medicine.
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False
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What are two main differences (one positive and one negative) between isofluorane and sevoflurane?
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Isoflurane isn't metabolized in the liver but can cause airway irritation. Sevoflurane isn't irritating to the airways but 3% is metabolized in liver which can be a problem for patients with renal failure as it is nephrotoxic.
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Thiopental is used as?
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Injectable general anesthetic used for induction
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What are some side effects of Thiopental?
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Severe hypotension, apnea and laryngospasms
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What is the duration of action of Thiopental?
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5 - 10 mins
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Propofol is?
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An injectable general anesthetic
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What is Propofol used for?
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Induction and maintenance
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What is Methohexital used for?
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Induction and maintenance
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What is methohexital?
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A injectable general anesthetic
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What is the duration of action of methohexital?
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4 - 8 mins
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In what type of patients is Etomidate generally used?
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Heart disease patients
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What is the MOA of Ketamine?
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GABA antagonist
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What is Ketamine?
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Injectable general anesthetic
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What drug is a "dissociative anesthetic" where patients are unconcious but appear awake and feel no pain (excellent analgesia) but can cause post-op nighmares therefore not good for adults?
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Ketamine
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How many different types of histamine receptors are there and which ones are important pharmacologically?
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There are 4 types and H1 and H2 are important.
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