Pre Ap Chem Ch4 Atomic Structure Notes 1-1

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1.Democratus suggested that the world was made of two things

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1.empty space
2.small particles called “atoms”

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Aristotle proposed

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that matter was continuous and not made up of small particles

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Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle believed

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in the atomic nature of matter but had no experimental proof

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John Dalton studied

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the works of other scientists to try to explain the nature of matter

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Antoine Lavoisier discovered

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that when a chemical change takes place in a closed system, the total mass does not change

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A closed system cannot

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exchange matter with its surroundings

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From his work, Lavoisier proposed

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the law of conversation of mass

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the law of conversation of mass

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matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.

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Joseph Proust observed that

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specific substances always combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds.

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law of definite proportion.

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specific substances always combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds.

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1.Dalton's atomic theory

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1.all matter is composed of very small particles called atoms
2.atoms cannot be broken into smaller particles
3.all atoms of one element are exactly alike and atoms of different elements are not alike
4.Atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds

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1.Dalton's Second Law
(Law of Multiple Proportion)

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the ratio of masses of one element that combine with a constant mass of another element can be expressed in small whole numbers

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J. L. Gay-Lussac noted

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that under constant conditions of temp and press, the volumes reacting gases and gaseous products are in a ratio of small whole numbers

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Amedeo Avogardo stated

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that equal volumes of gases, under the same conditions, have the same numbers of particles

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J.J. Thompson

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used the cathode ray tube to determine the charge to mass ratio of electrons

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Robert Millikan obtained

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the first accurate measurement of an electron's charge

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James Chadwick discovered

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discovered high energy particles with no charge and with essentially the same mass as protons. These particles are neutrons