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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glory, God, Gold |
Starting in the 1400's, European powers began to look to expand their influence outward. They learned about North and South American continents and began to colonize these areas. The three main motivations for exploration of the New World Were... |
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John Cabot |
(Great Britain) Explored the east coast of Canada |
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Christopher Columbus |
(Italy, sailed for Spain) "Discovered" North America while looking for a western route to India |
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Amerigo Vespucci |
(Italy) The first to realize the Americas were separate continents from Asia; America is named after him |
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Vasco de Balboa |
(Spain) First to reach the Pacific by crossing Central America |
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Juan Ponce de Leon |
(Spain) First to explore Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth |
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Ferdinand Magella |
(Spain) First to circumnavigate the globe by sailing around the southern tip of South America |
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Hernan Cortez |
(Spain) Conquered Mexico from the Aztecs |
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Francisco Pizzaro |
(Spain) Conquered the Incan Empire |
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Jacques Cartier |
(France) Explored Canada and claimed it for France |
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Fernando de Soto |
(Spain) Discovered the Mississippi River |
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Francisco Coronado |
(Spain) Explored the American southwest |
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Walter Raleigh |
(Great Britain) Established English colonies in North America |
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Henry Hudson |
(Great Britain) Explored northeastern North America and the Arctic |
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James Cook |
(Great Britain) Explored the Pacific; discovered Hawaii |
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New England Colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut) |
-Rocky soil was poor for farming -Relied on fishing and shipping industries -Most people lived in or near towns -Major City: Boston |
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Middle Atlantic Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware) |
-Good conditions for farming -The "breadbasket" of the colonies -Fur trade -Major city: Philadelphia |
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Southern Colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia) |
-Plantation farming (tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton) -Slavery -More rural population -Major cities: Richmond, Charleston |
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Cause of the American Revolution |
The colonists did not have representation in the British Parliament, which levied the taxes, so they didn't think it was fair that they should be taxed. After failed attempts at negotiation and compromise, tensions escalated and eventually erupted into war - The American Revolution |
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In the late 1700s, the British found themselves in need of money after the costly French and Indian War, so they began to impose many new taxes on the colonists. These included: |
Stamp Act (1765) Townshend Acts (1767) Tea Act (1773) Intolerable Acts (1774) |
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The battle that began the American Revolution |
Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775. This was soon followed by the Battle of Bunker Hill |
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When was the Declaration of Independence signed? |
July 4, 1776. But, the war continued and the French eventually allied with the colonies |
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Which battle was the final victory won by the Americans in the American Revolution? |
Battle of Yorktown in 1781 |
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The Articles of Confederation |
Americas first attempt at a government organized aroun this document (Too weak, ultimately failed) |
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U.S. Constitution |
Replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1787 |
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Louisiana Purchase |
Doubled the size of united states. President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from france (1803) |
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Manifest Destiny |
The belief that the idea that the U.S. should one day possess the lands all the way to the pacific ocean, was the nation's god-given right |
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When did the U.S. Purchase Florida from spain? |
1819 |
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When was Texas annexed (Added?) |
1845 |
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When was Oregon Territory acquired? |
1846 |
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The Mexican Cession |
1848, which followed the mexican-american war, resulted in the acquisition of the territories that would become California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. |
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The Gadsden Purchase |
1853 From Mexico, completed the territories of new mexico and Arizona |
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When was Alaska purchased? When was Hawaii annexed? |
Alaska - 1867 (From Russia) Hawaii - 1898 |
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Civil War |
The South seceded the union, forming confederate states of America. President Abraham Lincoln, did not accept the secession and fought the civl war (1861-1865) in order to preserve the unity of the nation. In the end, the North won, the nation was reunited, the slavery was abolished with the passage of the 13th Amendment |
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Reconstruction |
The period after the Civil War. |
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Industrial Revolution |
mid-1800s |
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World War I |
(1914-1918) Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, United States VS. Central Powers: Germany, Austrian-Hungariean Empire, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Ended by the Treaty of Versailles
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The Interwar Period |
The period that United States did not want to get dragged into another war and declined to join the League of Nations |
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Roaring Twenties |
The 1920s a period of economic prosperity for the United States. Mass consumerism, buying on credit, and the growth of the power of the stock market. Woman gained the right to vote, automobiles became popular and jazz came to be |
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Great Depression |
Hit in 1929. Excess spending, speculation, agricultural overproduction, buying on margin. Inflation and unemployment were high, banks failed, families throughout the nation found themselves enduring economic hardship.
Did not come to and end until World War II jumpstarted the economy by providing industrial jobs and demanding a high output of military goods. |
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New Deal |
Program by Franklin D. Roosevelt, which gave the government a more active role in the economy |
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World War II |
(1939-1945) Broke out in Europe. U.S. tried to remain neutral, but entered when the japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941. |
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United States in World War II |
Joined the war on the side of the allies and fought both in Europe against Germans and Italians, and in Asia against the Japanese. |
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End of WWII With Japan |
U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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Treaty of Paris |
Concluded WWII. United Nations was soon established as an international peacekeeping organization to replace the League of Nations. U.S. joined as a prominent member |
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The Cold War |
United States Vs. Soviet Union (Russia) Decades of competition and threats without direct military conflict (Both sides had nuclear weapons) |
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Proxy Wars |
Korean War and Vietnam War |
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Korean War |
(1950-1953) Communist North Korea (aided by the Soviet Union) fight to take over South Korea (aided by the United States) -Conflict ended in ceasefire with no changes in boundaries |
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Vietnam War |
(1956-1975) North Vietnam and Communist South Vienam (Viet Cong) aided by Soviet Union VS. South Vietnam (backed by U.S) -The United States eventually withdrew from the long and unpopular war, and the North won, uniting the two territories into the single communist nation of Vietnam -Ended in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved due to internal problems
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The Post-Cold War Era |
1990s marked by a period of economic growth and prosperity -Rise of the Internet Age United States was involved in international conflicts during the 1990s, including Persian Gulf War and Bosnia -The US has fought in long wards in afghanistan and in Iraq |
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Authoritarian |
Government maintains strict control over the people |
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Autocracy |
Rule by a single, authoritarian leader |
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Democracy |
Rule by the people (Via majority votes) |
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Direct democracy |
The people vote directly on laws |
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Dictatorship |
A single ruler has absolute authority and is unencumbered by a constitution |
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Monarchy |
Government by a single, hereditary ruler |
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Oligarchy |
Rule by a small group of people |
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Republic |
Citizens elect representatives to make laws for them |
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Theocracy |
Rule by a religious group |
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Totalitarianism |
A government that has complete control over all aspects of citizens' lives and employs censorship, coercion, and oppressive means to ensure compliance |
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United States Constituation |
Outlines operations of the government |
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Federal System |
Power is divided between the national and state governments |
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delegated powers |
powers allocated to national government |
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reserved powers |
powers that belong to the states |
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concurrent powers |
powers that are shared by both the national and state governments |
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Separation of powers |
power divided between three branches of government |
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Executive Branch |
-President and Vice President -Elected for 4-year terms -Enforce the laws -Appoints Supreme Court nominees, can veto laws |
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Legislative Branch |
-Congress (House of Reps and Senate) -House: Elected for 2-year terms Senate: Elected for 6-year term -Make the laws -Must approve supreme court nominees -Can override presidental veto -Can impeach president of supreme bout justices |
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Judicial Branch |
-Supreme Court -Appointed by the President and approved by congress; serve for life -Interpret Laws -Can declare laws or presidential actions unconstitutional |
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Bill of Rights |
First 10 amendments |
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1st Amendment |
Freedom of Speech, religion, press, assembly and petition |
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2nd Amendment |
Right to bear arms |
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3rd Amendment |
Protection against quartering of soldiers |
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4th Amendment |
Protection against illegal search and seizure |
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5th Amendment |
Right to due process; protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy |
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6th Amendment |
Rights to a speedy trial by jury, to hear accusations and confront the accuser, to witnesses, and to counsel |
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7th Amendment |
Right to trial by jury in civil cases |
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8th Amendment |
Protection against cruel and unusual punishment |
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9th Amendment |
Protects rights not enumerated in the constitution |
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10th Amendment |
Limits the powers of the federal government to those designated in the constitution |
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Mayflower Compact |
1620 Set up a temporary government for the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony |
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Common Sense |
Thomas Paine 1775 Pamphlet written to convince people to support the American Revolution |
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Declaration of Independence |
Second Continental Congress 1776 Started reasons for the American Revolution and asserted the nation's independence from Great Britain |
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Articles of Confederation |
Second Continental Congress 1781 Set up the first government for the newly independent United States |
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Federalist Papers |
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay 1787 Papers written to convince people to ratify the constitution |
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U.S. Constitution |
Constitutional Convention 1787 Document that set up the current system of U.S. government |
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Farewell Address |
George Washington 1796 Departing president Washington advised the young nation against political factions and entangled foreign alliances |
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Gettysburg Address |
Abraham Lincoln 1863 Speech given by President Lincoln in the midst of the Civil War as a memorial to those who died at the Battle of Gettysburg and to motivate the North to keep fighting to preserve the Union and to end slavery |
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Emancipation Proclamation |
Abraham Lincoln 1865 Declared an end to slavery in the Confederate States |
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Equator |
Divides the Northern and Southern Hemispheres by a line of latitude |
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Prime Meridian |
Divides Eastern and Western hemispheres by a line of longitude |
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Oceans |
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern Oceans |
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Tropical |
Hot and wet year round |
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Dry |
Temperature varies widely from day to night; very little precipitation |
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Temperate |
Warm and wet in the summer, cool and dry in the winter |
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Continental |
Found on large land masses, this climate has fairly low precipitation and temperatures can vary widely |
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Polar |
Very cold; permanently frozen ground |
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Alpine |
Mountain regions that are cold and snowy |
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Chaparral |
Hot and dry; landscape varies - could contain plains, hills, and or mountains |
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Deciduous forest |
contains many trees; four distinct seasons (Spring, summer, fall, winter) |
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Desert |
Flat land with very little precipitation |
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Grassland |
Interior flatlands with lots of grass and other low plant life; tropical or temperate climate |
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Rainforest |
Tropical climate; dense vegetation |
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Savanna |
Grasslands with warm temperatures year-round with a dry and rainy season |
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Taiga |
Cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers |
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Tundra |
Very cold, little vegetation, polar climate |
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Archipelago |
Chains of islands (example: japan) |
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Bay |
A body of water that is an inlet to a larger body of water such as an ocean or a sea |
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A man-made waterway |
Canal |
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A narrow body of water that connects two other bodies of water |
Channel |
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Low, Wet, triangular piece of land at the mouth of a river |
Delta |
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Area with little to no precipitation |
Desert |
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A large body of water partially enclosed by land that connects to an ocean or sea |
gulf |
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a piece of land surrounded on all sides by water |
island |
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a very narrow strip of land connecting two larger pieces of land with water on both sides |
isthmus |
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a body of water completely surrounded by land |
lake |
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a very high rocky formation |
mountain |
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a piece of land with water on three sides |
peninsula |
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Flat, grassy lands |
Plains |
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A long, flowing body of water that empties into a larger body of water |
river |
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a large saltwater body, smaller than an ocean |
sea |
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Low area between mountains |
Valley |
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The study of humans, past and present |
Anthropology |
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Looks at human social behavior, including its causes, development, and organizations |
Sociology |
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Mesopotamian societies |
-Earliest form of writing (cuneiform) -First written law code (Code of Hammurabi) -Organization into city-states |
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Egypt |
-Writing system (Hieroglyphics) -Paper (papyrus) -Architecture (pyramids) -Strong government, military, and monetary system -Advancements in math |
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Huang He (Yellow River) Valley Civilization |
-Civil Service -Advancements in math and science |
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Indus Valley Civilization |
-Build major cities -Advancements in math and science |
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China |
-Dynastic cycle - leaders had mandate of heaven -elaborate bureaucracy -Religions/philosophies - Daoism and Confucianism -Advancements in math, science, and technology |
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Greece |
-Organized into city-states -Most city-states were oligarchies but Athens was direct democracy -Polytheistic religion -High cultural period in art, poetry, philosophy, theatre, and architecture |
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Rome |
-Two major governmental periods - Republic and Empire -Unified law code - Twelve Tables -Extensive trade network -Advanced military -Engineering - aqueducts, road system -polytheistic religion originally; ;ater adopted Christianity |
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India |
-Caste System (Rigid social class structure) -Math - concept of zero, decimal system, arabic numerals -Religions - Hinduism and Buddhism -Advancements in medicine, including the invention of plastic surgery |
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Balance of trade |
A measure of nation's exports vs. imports |
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Budget |
A measure of a nation's exports vs. imports |
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Consumption |
The use of resources |
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Deflation |
An overall decrease in the price of goods and services |
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Depression |
A long period of economic decline, usually marked by inflation, high unemployment, and industrial decline |
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Exports |
Goods sold to another country |
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Imports |
goods bought from another country |
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Inflation |
An overall increase in the price of goods and services |
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Profit |
The difference between revenue and cost |
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Recession |
A period of slow economic growth |
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Shortage |
When demand exceeds supply |
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Surplus |
When supply exceeds demand |
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Militarism |
Cause of World War I Nations were building up their military personnel and weapons, both as a precautionary measure and as a sign of national prestige |
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Alliances |
Cause of World War I Nations began to form competing alliances. Two major alliances formed in Europe - The tripe Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia) |
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Imperialism |
Cause of World War I Nations were competing for economic and political control of overseas territories |
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Nationalism |
Cause of World War I National pride was high as nations competed. Nationalist movements within nations also contributed to unrest. For example, several ethnic groups wanted independence from Austria-Hungary |
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Russian Revolution |
(1917-1921) Overthrow of the Russian Czar and establishment of a communist state called the Soviet Union |
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Nationalist movements |
In Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia |
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Spanish Civil War |
(1936-1939) |
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Great Depression |
Worldwide economic collapse of the 1930's |
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Macroeconomics |
The study of how economics works on a large scale, such as in a whole nation |
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Microeconomics |
The study of economics on a smaller scale, looking at the decisions and impacts of individuals, small groups, and specific markets |
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Capitalism |
System in which property and the means of a production are privately owned A market economy |
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Profit motive |
encourages hard work and innovation |
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Laissez-faire |
The purest form of capitalism, in which the government takes a completely hands-off approach to the economic sector and allows market forces to regulate themselves |
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Socialsim |
A system in which property is controlled collectively rather than individually |
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Communism |
The purest form of socialism. Everything is owned in common and there is no private property and no social classes |
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Planned economy (Planned) |
An economy in which the government has total control of the economy through centralized planning |
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Mixed economoy |
A blend of capitalist and socialist principles, with both publicly and privately owned business operating at the same time |
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Closed Economy |
Self-sufficient and cut off from outside influences |
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Open Economy |
allows for trade with other nations |
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Subsistence economy |
People only produce that which is needed to survive |
