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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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School Culture
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bullying, teasing, cliques, safety issues, groups, gender relationships, policies, procedures, norms for dress, affect students
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accommodation
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Dealing with a new exp. by modifiying an old scheme or forming a new scheme.
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ADA
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Americans with Disabilities Act- law that prohibits discrimination based on disabilities by state and local governments. Not dependent on receipt of federal funds
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Adaptation
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adjustment to the environment
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ADD
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Attention Deficit Disorder - difficulty focusing, following directions, organizing.
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ADHD
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - same difficulties as ADD but also have difficulty with impulsiveness, sitting still and taking turns. diagnosis made by medical professional
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Age-Appropriate Knowledge and Behavior
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student progress on developmental continuum in physical, social, emotional and cognitive development most be compared to average of peers
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Alternative Assessments
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anecdotal records of student behavior, portfolios, checklists of progress, conferences. view of process and product, as opposed to a test score
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Anchored Instruction
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concrete application of concept
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Appropriate Education
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Free and appropriate public education
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Areas of Exceptionality in Learning
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Visual and perceptual difficulties Special physical or sensory challenges Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD); Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Functional mental retardation Learning disabilities
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assimilation
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students add new information to their view of the world fitting new information into existing schemes
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Auditory (Aural) Learner
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process information through listening
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Ausubel, David
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"Advance Organizer" - help link prior knowledge to current lesson. Examples: semantic webs, KWL charts, concept maps
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Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Autism, Asperger Syndrome and other PDDs (Pervasive developmental delays. Difficulty socializing and communicating
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Banura, Albert
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"Modeling" - observational learning - Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
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Behaviorism
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a theory of animal and human learning that focuses on observable behaviors and ignores psychological activities.
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blooms taxonomy
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The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, often called Bloom's Taxonomy, is a classification of the different objectives that educators set for students (learning objectives). Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains:" Affective, Psychomotor, and Cognitive.
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Brown vs. Board of Education
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educational facilities are not allowed to segregate according to race
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Bruner
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Discovery Learning and Constructivism - learning is active process, construct new ideas based on past knowledge
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Canter
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"Assertive Discipline"; clear expectations, rules and follow through; choice to obey or face consequences
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Causal Relationship
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explains why behaviors occurs
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cause-and-effect maps
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graph cause and effect
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Cognition
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The capacity for knowing, organizing perceptions, and problem solving.
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Cognitive Development Stages
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Identifies four developmental stages and the processes by which children progress through them.
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Cognitive Patterns
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teachers must understand student's individualized learning methods
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concept
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involves the process of grouping and/or classifying information in order to determine what kinds of things or objects match or go together.
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Concrete Operational Thinkers
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children 7-11 think in logical, not abstract, terms. Hands-on experiences needed
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Considerations in teaching:
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Multicultural backgrounds Age-appropriate knowledge and behavior, The student culture at the school Family backgrounds Linguistic patterns and differences Cognitive patterns and differences, Social and emotional issues"
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Constructivism
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people construct their own understanding through reflection on experiences
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Constructivism Cognition
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a constructive developmental process involving qualitative change in children's ability to move forward as they internalize learning tasks and skills.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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reinforcing a response every time it occurs
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Correlational Relationship
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the extent to which two variables are related to each other, such that when one variable increases, the other either increases or decreases in a somewhat predictable manner
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Debra P vs. Turlington
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can use competency tests to award high school diplomas
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Demonstrations
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explicitly showing students what something is or how to do it.
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Developmental crisis
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explicitly showing students what something is or how to do it.
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Developmental Delays
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Identified by medical professional before age 22. Difficulties with self-care, expressive or receptive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living and economic self-sufficiency
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Dewey
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Learning Through Experience; School is a social instituion and process of living, focus on creating problem solvers, students should direct their own education.
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Diana vs. State Board of Education
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assessments must be administered in native language
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Differentiated Instruction
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responding to the wide range of abilities. Tiered Instruction, Curriculum Compacting, Curriculum Chunking, Flexible Grouping
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Direct Instruction
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planned lessons, small attainable increments, defined goals.
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Discovery Learning
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methods that enable discovery of information by themselves or in groups
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Due Process
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procedures or safeguards that give students with disabilities extensive rights. Notice of meetings, examining relevant records, impartial hearings and review procedure
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Efficacy
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The capacity for producing a desired result, including planning intentional actions, guiding and directing one's own behaviors toward a goal, and reflecting on one's actions to assess their quality, impact, and purpose.
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elements of observational learning Four
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Attention, Retention, Production, Motivation
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ELL or ESL or PLNE
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English language learner, English as a second language and primary language not English. Build on student's culture, support proficiency in native language, give time, work in small groups
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Enactive learning
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learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions (self-regulation of behavior goal directed behavior
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Environmental Factors
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focus on immediate environment during learning
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Equilibration
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a process that regulates tension between assimilation (information) and accommodation (learning). individuals learn through experiences different from previous experiences. mental structure is modified in small steps.
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Erik Erikson's 8 Stages
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Trust vs. mistrust, Autonomy vs. shame/doubt,Initiative vs. guilt, Identity vs. role confusion, Intimacy vs. isolation, Generativity vs. stagnation, Ego integrity vs. despair"
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Erikson
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8 Stages of Human Development
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Essential Nine Instructional Strategies
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1- Identifying Similarities and Differences 2- Summarizing and Note-Taking 3- Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition 4- Assigning Homework and Practice 5-Fostering Nonlinguistic Representations 6 - Encouraging Cooperative Learning 7-Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback 8-Generating and Testing Hypotheses
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Extinction
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eventual disappearance of a conditioned response as a result stimulus being repeatedly
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Motivation from outside a person, Stickers, behavior charts, incentives are examples
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FERPA (Buckley Amendment)
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family educational rights and privacy acts
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Formal Operational Thought
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the final stage of cognitive development, 11-15 characterized by reasoning, hypothesis generation, and hypothesis testing.
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four stages of development for cognitive ability?
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Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, and Formal Operational
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Functional Mental Retardation (MR)
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diagnosis by medical professional , difficulties with age-specific activities, communication, daily living activities, getting along with others
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Gardner
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Multiple Intelligences - Verbal/linguistic, Logical/mathematical/ Visual/spatial, Bodily/kinesthetic. Musical, Interpersonal. Intrapersonal, Naturalist
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Gilligan
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Stages of the Ethic of Care - challenged male centered theorists
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Ginott
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supportive and preventive discipline; describe issue or event instead of saying the child did something wrong
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Glassner
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"Choice Theory or Control Theory"; Focus on behavior, not students during conflict. Student involvement. Create space to learn.
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Guadalupe Organization, Inc vs. Temple Elementary School
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students cannont be identified as MR unless they were properly assessed by considering the student's primary language and have an IQ two standard deviations below from the mean
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Hidalgo
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Three Levels of Culture - Concrete (objects), Behavioral (communication and social roles), Symbolic (values and beliefs)
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Hobson vs. hanson
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schools must provide equal educational opportunities despite a families SES
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Honig vs. Doe
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a special education student must have a manisfestation hearling to review placement after 10 days of suspension
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Hunter, Madeline
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"Direct Instruction" - Objectives, Standards, Advance Organizer, Teaching, Practice, Closure, Extended Practice "anticipatory set" connects prior knowledge to new content
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IDEA
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Individuals with Disabilities Act - federal statue of grant programs. Specifies disabilities and conditions for entitlement to special education
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IEP
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Individualized Education Plan - written plan based on multidisciplinary teams' evaluation (MDT) reviewed and updated yearly, required under Public Law 94-142 (IDEA)
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Inclusion
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Mainstreaming
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Inoperant conditioning
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the eventual disappearance of a response that is no longer being reinforced"
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Intermittent Reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only occasionally, with some occurrences of the response going unreinforced
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Interpersonal
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self
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Intrapersonal
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others
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Motivation from within, reflecting on goals, achievements or helping students see progress are examples
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Intuative thinking
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The intellectual technique of arriving at plausable byt tentative formulations without going through analytical steps. Bruner argues its a much neglected but essential feature of productive thinking.
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Jones
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developer of positive classroom management; nonverbal communication; incentives 50% of instruction time lost to 80% talking and 20% goofing off. Use teacher body language, incentive systems and efficient individual help
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Kinesthetic Leaner
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process information through moving and oing
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Kohlberg
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Theory of Moral Development: Preconvential - obedience inspired by punishment, Conventional - approval of others and meeting obligations, Post-conventional - social mutuality and interest in welfare of others, Conventional - social mutuality and interest in welfare of others
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Kounin
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"with-it-ness"; constant monitoring and awareness of student behavior, awareness of classroom, pacing and smooth transitions
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Larry P vs. Riles
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the % of special education students can not exceed the % represented in the school population"
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Lau vs. Nichols
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provide support to ELL students
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LD
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Learning Disabilities - determined by multidisciplinary team or a physician. Not learning to potential - usually in reading , math or written.
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Learned Helplessness
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a general belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little or no control of the environment
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Learner Factors
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informs lesson planning, meet needs through differentiation
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Learning Styles
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characteristic approaches to learning and studying
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Linguistic Patterns
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Non-English speakers or non-Standard American English (SAE) students benefit from periods of silence and listening more.
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LRE
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Least Restrictive Environment - setting that to the maximum extent appropriate students with disabilities are educated with non disabled peers
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Marshall vs. Georgia
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contrast to Larry P students can be placed in special education as long as approriate and proper steps for placement are followed
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Maslow
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Hierarchy of Needs - Physiological, Safety, Love and Belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization
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mental set
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established via a force of habit and based primarily on the way individuals are accustomed to solving problems.
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Metacognition
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ability to think about own thinking. self awareness and self regulation. example: describing strategies used to solve problem
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Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia
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reiterates PARCS free and appropriate education regardless of mental physicla or emotional disability or impairment
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model of moral reasoning
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Growing children advance through definate stages of moral development. They progress consecutively from stage one without skipping or going back. The stages are of thought processing.
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Moll
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Funds of Knowledge; multicultural families can become social and intellectual resources for a school
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Montessori
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Follow the Child; Learning process: stage 1 - Introduce, 2 - Process through work or experimentation, 3 - knowing, pass test, teach to others
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Multicultural
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help students define and understand their own cultures. eliminate mutual misconceptions, form lesson planning
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Naturalistic with Existential
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the ability to contemplate phenomena or questions beyond sensory data
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Negative Reinforcement
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a consequence that brings about the increase of a behavior through the removal (rather than presentation) of a stimulus.
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Nondiscriminartory
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think about culutral considerations
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Objectives
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"What are students supposed to know or be able to do at the conclusion of the lesson?"
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Operant Conditioning
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A form of learning in which new responses are strengthened by the presentation of reinforcements.
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Operations
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– actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions
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PARC vs. Commonwealth of PA
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courts stated denying chidren with handicaps is a denial of equal protection
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Parents in Action in Spcial Education vs. Hannon
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pro special education endorsed the use of standardized tests as long as they are not culturally biased and are used with other measures
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Pavlov
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"Classical Conditioning": conditioned responses, responsible for experimental basis of behaviorist learning theory
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Pesce vs. Sterling Morton HIgh School
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duty to report child abuse
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Physical Issues
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communicate to appropriate parties to help optimal learning.
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Piaget
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4 stages of cognitive development
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Positive Reinforcement
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a consequence that brings about the increase of a behavior through the presentation (rather than removal) of a stimulus.
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Preoperational Thought
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In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the stage in which representational skills are acquired.
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Punishment
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a consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows
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Punishment vs. Discipline
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teacher-centered vs. student-centered
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Readiness to Learn
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basic needs are met and student is cognitively ready to learn
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Reflective thought
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active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends
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Reinforcement
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the act of following a particular response with a reinforcer and thereby increasing the frequency of that response
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Rowley vs. Board of Education
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do not have to provide the best education but adequet
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Scaffolding
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Assistance given that is weened away as the learner progresses
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Schema
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concepts form from past experiences. Mind loves organization and associates information with past events
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Schemes
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mental systems of categories and experiences
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
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civil rights law prohibits discrimination against disabilities by federally assisted programs. Covers individuals from birth to death
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Self-efficacy
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the belief that one is capable of executing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals
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Sensorimotor Intelligence
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In Piaget's theory of development, the first stage of cognitive growth, during which schemes are built on sensory and motor experiences.
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Shaping
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a process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximations of a desired terminal behavior
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Skinner
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Operant Conditioning; "Grandfather of behaviorism"; Learning is a function of change in observable behavior
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Social and Emotional Issues
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Maslow - fundamental needs must be met. Socioeconomic Status (SES) must be accounted for, but high expectations regardless of SES
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Social Cognition
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Concepts related to understanding interpersonal behavior and the point of view of others.
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Social Learning Theory
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Learn by watching others.
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SQ3R
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Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
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Stages of moral reasoning
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1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning judgment is based own person needs and others rules 2. Conventional Moral Reasoning judgment is based on others, 3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning social contract and universal ethics approval
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Story Maps
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map elements of story
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Student learning is influenced by:
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Individual experiences, Prior learning Individual talents, Language, Culture, Family, Community values
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Tactile Learner
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process information through touching - need hands-on experiences
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Tarasoff vs. The Regents of the University of CA
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duty to warn parents or individual if counselor feels as though they are in danger
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Testing Accommodations
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longer times, untimed tests, having a scribe, large fonts, breaks, sing-language interpretation.
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Three approaches to organize new info
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Assimilation, Accommadation, & Equilibration
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Transfer
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Influence of previously learned material on new material"
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Vicarious
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learning is learning by observing others
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Visual Learner
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process information through seeing.
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Vygotsky
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Zone of Proximal Development - social development theory of learning - Social interaction influences cognitive development
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Vygotsky saw speech as...
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a connection to thinking.
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What are Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligence in his theory of multiple intelligences?
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They are Spatial, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical
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What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
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What are schemes? (Piaget)
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An individual's generalized way of responding to the world; method of organization.
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What are some benefits of standardized test?
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change between groups and years, Give a general sense of students strengths and weaknesses
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What are some issues about current assessment?
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Schools tied to the test results NCLB, Nondominant populations
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What are some weaknesses of standardized tests?
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One dimensional learning and teaching experience
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What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operational stage?
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1. ages 7-11 2. perf. mental oper. w/concrete obj. not verbal statements 3. conservation 4. verbal understanding
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What are the levels of moral reasoning?
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Preconventional Morality (ages 4-10) Conventional Morality (ages 10-13) Postconventional Morality"
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What is a limit of ZPD?
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the level of skill reached by the child working independently.
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What Is Scaffolding in Teaching?
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parameters, rules or suggestions a teacher gives a student in a learning situation; help with only the skills that are new or beyond ability
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What is the upper limit of ZPD?
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The level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.
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When behaviors are followed by desirable consequences
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they tend to increase in frequency
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When behaviors do not produce results
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they typically decrease and may even disappear altogether"
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Zero Reject Principle
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assures services to all children with disabilities areas should obtain accurate child accounts and these should be sent to Washington
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Zone of Proximal Development
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students learn best in social context where taught information student could not learn on own. APK2. less complex taks first 3. work with an expert to plan a task 4. social interactions
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