Praxis Ii Geography

Front 1

Geography is the study of places. It has 4 components

Back 1

-Physical characteristics (lands & vegetation)
-Geopolitical information (boundaries & capital cities)
-Demographics (size, density, & population)
-Economic information (agricultural & manufacturing)

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5 themes of geography

Back 2

-Location (where something happened; relative location; exact location [longitude, latitude])
-Place (physical and human characteristics of a location)
-Interaction of people and environment
-Movement (how people, goods, and ideas move about the globe)
-Region (area with similar characteristics)

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Phenomena

Back 3

the combination of the aspects of the earth's surface and the activities that occur on earth

Front 4

Climate Map

Back 4

Weather and typical climate conditions of a region

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Conformal Map

Back 5

Presents land masses and retention of proper shapes; often distorted

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Equal-Area map

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Shows land areas with relatively proper sizes; distortions can happen

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Fact-book maps

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Examines actual facts of events or activities in certain regions or specific places (life expectancy rates, energy consumption)

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Historical Map

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Illustrates the people of an area and the population (trade routes, religion)

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Mental Map

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Sketch

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Physical Map

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actual geographical surfaces (mountains, rivers, fault lines)

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Outline Map

Back 11

Some geographic features but not others

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Political Map

Back 12

Demonstrates government boundaries and territorial borders

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Relief Map (topographical map)

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3-D variation in the topography of land and water areas

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Thematic Map

Back 14

Demonstrates the location of specific ideas or distributions

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Seven major continents (in size order)

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Asia, Africa, N. America, S. America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia

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Five major oceans (largest to smallest)
Accounts for ___ % of earth's surface
___% of the world's water supply

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Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, Southern Oceans
70%
97%

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Three major seas
defined as____

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South China Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea
large area of water being partly enclosed by land

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Anthropologist

Back 18

studies the history of people such as culture and language

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Cartographer

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studies the science or practice of map drawing

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Geographer

Back 20

studies the formations and the earth's composition

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Meteorologist

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studies the climates and the affects on the earth

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Sociologists

Back 22

studies the behaviors of people and how they impact the world

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Topographer

Back 23

designs, describes, and develops maps

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Region

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exude unique and distinct attributes related to both the people who live there and the land forms that are present

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Regions described by:
Formal
Functional
Perceptual

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Formal--defined through either common human features (language, religion, nationality, culture) or common physical features (climate, landform, vegetation)

Functional--organized around central hub w/ surrounding areas connected to the center by transportation systems, communication systems, manufacturing or trading

Perceptual--constructed around human feelings and attitudes of the area

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Place

Back 26

human created areas which are a part of the earth's surface

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Physical Characteristics

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water systems, animal life, plant life, landforms, climate

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Human Characteristics

Back 28

values, religious beliefs, language systems, political structures, economic methods, socioeconomic status

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archipelago

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chain or group of islands in a sea or ocean

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atoll

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ring of coral that forms an island in a sea or ocean

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butte

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high isolated flat top or hill with steep sides formed by impact of tectonic plates

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canyon

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carved by a river

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cape

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narrow pointed piece of land that juts out from a coastline into a body of water

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col

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mountain pass; depression in the summit line of a chain of mountains

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delta

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silt, sand and rock formed at mouth of a river often in the shape of a triangle

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dunes

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hill or ridge made of sand and shaped by wind

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isle

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small island or peninsula

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islet

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small island usually isolated

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isthmus

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narrow strip of land connecting two larger pieces with water on two sides

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pinnacle

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highest point of rock, ice, or land

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summit

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highest point of a mountain

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tundra

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cold, treeless area, considered coldest biome

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bay

Back 43

area of water partly enclosed by land and smaller than a gulf

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canal

Back 44

artificial waterway

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channel

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body of water that connects two larger bodies of water

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cove

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horseshoe shaped body of water

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estuary

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where a river meets the ocean or sea

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fjord

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long narrow sea inlet bordered by steep cliffs

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glacier

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slow moving river of ice

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gulf

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a part of ocean or sea that is partly surrounded by land

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lagoon

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shallow body of water located alongside of a coast

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marsh

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freshwater

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river

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empties into a sea or ocean

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sea

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partly or completely surrounded by land

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sound

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wide inlet of sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline

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strait

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narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water

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swamp

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freshwater wetland

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tributary

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stream or river that flows into a larger waterway

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tropical

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high temperatures year round with large amounts of rain

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dry

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limited rain with huge daily temperature ranges

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temperate

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warm and dry summers with cool and wet winters

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cold (continental)

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seasonal temperatures vary widely and overal precipitation is not high; interior of land masses

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polar

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extremely cold with permanent ice and tundra present

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alpine

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mountain regions around the world with an altitude of at least 10,000 feet; snow, high winds, ice and cold

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chaparral (desert)

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plains, rocky hills, mountain slope; hot and dry

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deciduous forest

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located near an ocean; four separate seasons

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desert

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Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn where it's hot and dry or near the Arctic where it's extremely cold and snowy

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grasslands

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interior of continents and middle latitudes; either tall grass or short grass

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rainforest
produces ___ % of world's oxygen

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near the equator; year round warmth and high rainfall levels

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savanna

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near the equator and edges of tropical rain forests; warm temperatures year round with two seasons (winter long and dry; summer short and wet)

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taiga (borreal forest)
____ biome in the world

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Alaska and Canada at the top of the planet just below tundra biome; winters cold with much snow and summers warm, humid, and rainy
-largest biome

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tundra
world's (coldest or hottest) and (wettest or driest) biome

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from latitude 55 to 70 degrees north; ground permanently frozen and trees cannot grow; cold dark winter with soggy warm summer where sun shines 24 hours a day

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system

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a set of connected parts functioning together; 2 critical to earth are human and physical systems

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community

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populations of different plants and animals

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ecosystem

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when a community interacts with three components of a physical environment; an interwoven structure that produces and consumes energy

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atmosphere

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air--climate and meteorology

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lithosphere

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ground and surface--rock formation, soil formation, plate tectonics, and erosion

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hydrosphere

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water--water cycle, currents of rivers, and tides of oceans

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biosphere

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life--ecosystems, habitats, and plant and animal realm

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3 primary ways humans impact earth

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consume natural resources, build structures, compete for control