Praxis Ii Elementary Education: Curriculum, Instruction, And Assessment

Front 1

Active Listening

Back 1

Eyes on speaker; body language; raising hand to speak

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Formative Assessment

Back 2

takes place during the instructions

Front 3

Summative Assessment

Back 3

takes place after the instruction is done

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Primary Sources

Back 4

Letters, diaries, speeches, and interviews

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Secondary Sources

Back 5

Summaries, Commentaries, reviews, and interpretations of primary sources

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Shared Book Experience

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use big books, include discussion, reread with whole group

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Concept of Print

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environmental print; Left-to-right; read from top to bottom; beginning to end

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Teaching key details & main ideas

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have plays, think-alouds, and graphic organizers

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Phonics

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Morphology, Syllabication, and word/letter sounds

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Developing Fluency

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modeling, reader's theater, repeated reading, and paired reading

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Scaffolding (Schema theory)

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Accommodations and Assimilation

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Morphology

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study of word structure

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Alphabetic Principle

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understanding that words are made of letters and letters represent sounds

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Orthography

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art of writing words with the proper letters. The conventional spelling system of language

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Onset

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initial letter sound befor the vowel

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Rime

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everything after the vowel

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Comb's three stages of literacy

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emerging, developing, and transitional

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Emerging literacy stage

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making transition from speaking to writing and reading, with support of others, readings involves predictable books, and shared reading

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Developing stage

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independent in reading, writing, and speaking, middle-first to late second grade level. Text should include words that follow a pattern and have a predictable sound

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Transitional literacy stage

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instructional reading level of second grade or beyond; ideally spend most time with independent and instructional level materials.

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Analytic phonics

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using phonics in context with actual materials

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Synthetic phonices

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phonics taught in isolation from meaningful books and materials, often using worksheets

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Structural analysis

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breaking a word into its parts, or syllables; separating prefixes and suffixes from the root

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vowel/consonant vowel and vowel consonant/consonant vowel rules

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Retell

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another type of assessment used to tell a story back

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Miscue analysis

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assessment of missed words; looks for patterns

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Phonemic Awareness

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ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes, and large units of sound such as onsets and rimes and syllables

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Prosody

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patterns of stress and intonation in a language

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Receptive Vocabulary

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comprehension vocabulary used by a person in slient reading and learning

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Expressive Vocabulary

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total range of language which can be produced by a person

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Semantics

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the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text

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Elkonin Boxes

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a strategy for segmenting sounds in a word that involves drawing a box to represent each sound in a word

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Phonemes

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are the speech sounds 44 in English

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Graphemes

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are written symbols for the speech sounds. Letters in the alphabet, 26 letters in the English alphabet

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Invented Spelling

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invented spellings by applying their understanding of the spelling rules

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Spelling Development

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precommunication, prephonetic, phontic, transitional, correct spelling/conventional spelling stages

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Precommunication

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when students randomly use letters

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Prephonetic Stage

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when students begins to use some letter correctly

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Phonetic Stages

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when students spell the words that way the sound

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Transitional Stage

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students use both correct and phonetic spelling

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Narrative map

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lists the sequence of events in a story from the first to the last event, can be used in many fictional genres

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Haiku

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a lyric verse from that has three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables

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Language experience approach

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attempts to facilitate students' language development through the use of experiences, rather than with printed material alone. After an event or experience the students make a written record of it as a group with the teacher help

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Types of writing

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narrative, persuasive, descriptive, and journaling

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Traits of writing

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tone, purpose, and audience

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Types of text

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narrative, expository, persuasive

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Structure of text

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story, grammar, comparison, cause/effect

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Writing expectations

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words to phrases to transitions

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Stages of writing development

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language, experience, approach, developmental spelling, and handwriting

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Reliability

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the stability of the text. Does the test measure an ability consistently over time or consistently across equivalent forms?

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Validity

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how well a test measures what it is designed to measure

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Informal Assessment

Back 51

given throughout the year to individuals or groups for specific instructional purposes; interviews, running record, portfolios, observations, and informal reading inventory