Praxis Ii: Art Content

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Alla prima

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method of painting done “all at once,” so they must work quickly. Typically, the bristles of the brush, or the movement of a small sponge, drags still-wet colors into one another creating interesting blends of color.

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Depth of Field

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The distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image.

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Exposure

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The amount of light that enters the lens and strikes the film or sensor.

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Aperture

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The opening of a lens, the size of which is controlled by a diaphragm.

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Collagraph

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This name is derived from the word 'collage'. It is an image built up with glue and other materials.

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Greenware

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When clay is hard, but not yet fired it is referred to as greenware. The clay can be made wet and turned back into a useable material.

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Gesture Drawings

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Quick sketches to depict action and movement.

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Foreshortening

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Method used to distort and create illusions of an object extending into space.

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Intaglio

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Printmaking method incised lines are the parts which are printed.
opposite of a relief print
etching, engraving, drypoint, aquatint or mezzotint

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Mezzotint

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A printmaking tonal method to be used, enabling half-tones to be produced without using line- or dot-based techniques like hatching, cross-hatching or stipple.

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Sfumato

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"to smoke"
no harsh outlines
areas blend into each other
realisticaly
Renaissance technique, Leonardo da Vinci

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Glazing

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Process used to make earth ware waterproof.

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Tusche

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Used to make a washout in silk screen printing.

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Soldering

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A process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint.

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Value

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Amount of light reflected by a hue.

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Intaglio

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Printmaking process in which an image is cut into a plate.
etching, engraving, and drypoint

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Bisique

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Clay that has been fired once but not glazed.

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Brazing
(Hard Soldering)

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Joining two pieces of metal by heating to red heat and using high melting point solder.

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Welding

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Joining metals by fusing them together under direct heat.

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Embossing

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A raised design or relief on a flat surface by pressing or hammering a design into the backside.

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Monotype

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A one of a kind print made by painting on smooth metal, creating a texture that is not possible to paint directly on paper.

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Offset

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Printing process in which an inked image is transferred to a rubber cylinder and then to paper.

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Serigraphy

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A stencil method of printmaking in which an image is imposed on a screen of silk and ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing surface.

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Frisket

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A material used to stop paper from absorbing paint in water-based painting.

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"lost-wax"

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A technique of casting metal in a plaster mold.

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Scumbling

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Technique that involves brushing paint over a dried layer of paint so that the dried layer shows through.

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Cloisonne

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The process in which fine metal wire is used to organize colors that are fused into hard enamel-like surfaces.

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Painterly

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The use of paint in a loose, gestural way.

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post and lintel

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A simple construction method using horizontal lintels supported by vertical posts.
Stonehenge

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Tenebrism

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In which forms emerge from a dark background into a strong light. theatrical spotlight

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Vehicle

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A liquid based thinner that helps dissolve the paint and move it around the painting surface.
(linseed oil, turpentine, water)

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Vault

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A curving ceiling or roof structure made of bricks or stone tightly fitted to form a unified shell.

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Underpainting

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A monochromatic value study which helps define value under colors tones for later painting.

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Tromp L'oeil

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A style of painting where the illusion of space/light/actual objects is very convincing.
"fool the eye"

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Truss

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A triangular framework used to span, reinforce, or support.

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Secondary Hues

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Orange, Green, Violet
(hues that created by mixing two primary hues)

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Symmetrical Balance

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The matching of left and right sides of a 3-D of 2-D form.

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Subtractive Sculpture

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Sculpture that begins with a mass of material larger than the finished work and material is removed.
Carving

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Additive Sculpture

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Sculpture builds the work, adding material as the work proceeds.
Modeling, construction, and assemblage

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Relief Printing

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Printmaking technique, an image is carved out of wood or linoleum, removing the negative space areas and leaving behind a raised line or surface. Ink is applied to the raised lines and the recesses are empty.

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Primary Hues

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Red, Yellow, and Blue
(hues that cannot be created by mixing colors)

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Post and Lintel

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Construction method where vertical posts or columns support horizontal beams.
Stonehenge

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Photogram

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(Rayographs) an image made by placing objects on light sensitive paper, exposing the paper to light.

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Perspective

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Perspective creates the feeling of depth through the use of lines that make your image appear to be three dimentional. The closer the image is, the more detailed it will appear, and the larger it will be.

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Pendentives

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The curving triangular sections that form a support system for weight.

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Negative Space

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The background, ground, and space that surronds the figures or subjects.
(Ground)

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Minaret

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A tower outside of a mosque where chanters stand to call the faithful to prayer.

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Modeling

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A process where a material is shaped by building or subtracting.

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Monochromatic

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A color scheme based on variations in value and intensity of one hue mixed with black, grey & white.

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Montage

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The editing technique of combining a number of very brief shots representing distinct but related subject matter in order to create new relationships.

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Masonry

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The massing of stones in a pattern, held together by a mortar.

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High Relief

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Sculpture where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas.

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Low Relief

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Sculpture where the plane is scarcely more than scratched in order to remove background material.

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Lithography

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A planographic or flat surface, type of printmaking based on the resistance of grease and water.

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Linear Perspective

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A scientific method of using lines to accurately find scale and proportional relationships of a two dimensional surface.
(1-2-3 Point Perspectives)

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Keystone

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The final stone set in place at the top of an arch.

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Iconography

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The symbolic meaning of signs, subjects, and images.

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Impasto

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A manner of painting where the paint is laid on thickly so texture stands out in relief.

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Intermediate Hues

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Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, Red Violet (hues created by mixing a primary and a secondary)

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Hierarchical Scale

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The use of unnatural proportions to show relative importance of figures.

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Isometric Perspective

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The use of non-converging parallel lines to draw box , cubes, or architectural structures.

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Hatching

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A mean's of shading by building up parallel lines.

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Horizon Line

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The apparent line, at eye level, where the earth meets the sky.

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Glazing

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The use of transparent oil paint to build up the painting; creating the illusion of light and depth.

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Gesso

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A preparation of chalk or plaster and glue.

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Flying Buttress

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A large stone half-arch on the side of a pointed arc.
Gothic Architecture

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Drypoint

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A printmaking technique that is similar to line engraving. A dry point is made with an etching tool. The artist digs lines in the plate with a needle.

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Dry Masonry

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The massing of stones in a pattern with no mortar.

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Cantilever

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Architectural technique where a beam or slab is extended a substantial distance beyond a support column or wall.

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Camera Obscura

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A darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside.

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Chiaroscuro

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"light to dark"
The use of exaggerated light contrasts in order to create the illusion of volume.

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Colonnade

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A row of columns spanned or connected by beams.

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Complementary Colors

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Colors that appear opposite on the color wheel.

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Cross Hatching

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A means of shading by building up intersection parallel lines.

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Contour Hatching

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A meaning of shading and modeling by following the shape of the form with parallel lines.

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Buttress

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A support that sits at a right angle to the outer wall of a pointed arch.

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Binder

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Holds the pigment particles together without dissolving them and helps attach pigments to painting surfaces.
(linseed oil, safflower oil, egg yolk)

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Balloon Frame

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A building method where heavy timbers are replaced with thin studs held together with only nails.

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Asymmetrical Balance

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The two sides of a composition are not the same.

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Assembling

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A method of putting found objects and materials together to create a sculpture.
Louise Nevelson

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Arcade

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A series of arched columns in a row.

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Armature

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An inner support to prevent sagging of a sculpture.
Support ceramics not to be fired.

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Aquatint

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An etching process used to obtain shaded areas in black and white or color prints.

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Analogous Colors

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Colors that are adjacent to one another on the color Wheel.

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Achromatic

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Black, white and greys. Artwork that is executed without color.

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Vanishing Point

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The point or group of points where all parallel lines recede.

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Value

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The relative lightness or darkness of a color.
(white, grays, black)

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Bisque

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When clay has its first firing in a kiln, it is called bisque ware. At this point, the clay has changed composition and can no longer have water added to it and turned back into a useable material.

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Batik

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Parrafin or beeswax is used to resist paint or dye on fabric or paper. Designs and patterns are produced on the unwaxed areas.

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Elements of Art

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Elements of art are the basic visual symbols found in the work such as lines, shape, form, space, point, light, motion, direction, scale, dimension, texture and color.

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Encaustic

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This ancient art uses colored wax for painting. This technique involves painting images onto walls with pigments that are blended with wax. When used with heat, such as an iron, the permanent color is burned into the wall, for good.

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Intermediate Colors

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Obtained by mixing adjoining Primary and Secondary colors.

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Monoprint

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A print that has the same underlying common image, but different design, color or texture.

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Secondary Colors

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Orange, Violet, Green. Each color is midway between the Primaries from which it can be mixed.

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Tertiary colors

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Colors that represent a mixture of secondary colors.

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Tint

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Tint is the opposite of shade. Tinting is combining white with a color to make it lighter.

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Shade

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Shade is combining black with a color to make it darker.