Pragmatics Final Exam

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aspects of pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from, in contrast to dialect

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accent

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the study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves

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acoustic phonetics

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the gradual development of ability in a first or second language by using it naturally in communicative situations

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acquisition

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emotional reactions such as self-consciousness or negative feelings that may infulence learning

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affective factors

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the casual speech style used by many African Americans as a vernacular

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African American Vernacular English

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a system of hand signals used in a specific context where speech cannot be used (by people who can speak), in contrast to a primary sign language

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alternate sign language

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a language disorder in which it is difficult to find words, often associated with Wernicke's aphasia

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Anomia

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an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding an/or producing language

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aphasia

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the study of a large range of practical issue involving language in general and second language learning in particular

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applied linguistics

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a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere of the brain

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arcuate fasciculus

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a mid-twentieth- century approach to language teaching,with repetitive drills used to develop fluent spoken language as a set of habits

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audiolingual method

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the use of syllable sequences (ba-ba) and combinations (ma-ga) by young children in their first year

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babbling

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information that is not in a text, but is used from memory by a reader to understand the text

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background knowledge

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gestures involving short quick movements of the hands or fingers that go along with the rhythm of talk

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beats

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a term used to describe a native speaker of two languages or a country with two officiall languages, in contrast to monolingual

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bilingual

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a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distorted, slow and missing grammatical markers

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Broca's aphasia

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A part of the brain in the left hemisphere involved in speech production

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Broca's area

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speech addressed to young children by the adults or older children who are looking after them

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caregiver speech

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words in different languages that have similar form and meaning

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cognates

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the connections that create a meaningful interpretation of texts

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coherence

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the ties and connections that exist within texts

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cohesion

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the individual connections between words and phrases in a tet

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cohesive ties

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the general ability to use language accurately, appropriately and flexibly

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communicateive competence

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approaches to language teaching that are based on learning through using language rather than learning about language

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communicative approaches

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in conversation the end of a turn usually marked by a pause at the end of a phrase or sentence

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completion point

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the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words

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conceptual meaning

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either the physical context or the linguistic context in which words are used

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context

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adopting a speech style that attempts to reduce social distance by using forms that are similar to those used by the person being talked to, as a type of speech accommodation in contrast to divergence

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convergence

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the study of turn-taking in conversation

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conversation analysis

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the earliesst use of speech-like sounds by an infant in the first few months

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cooing

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an underlying assumption of conversation that you will "make your convesation contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged"

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co-operative principle

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the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence, also called the linguistic context

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co-text

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the status of a speech style or feature as having positive value, but whcih is "hidden" or not valued similarly among the larger cmomunity, in contrast to overt prestige

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covert prestige

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a variety of a language that developed from a pidgin and is used as a first language by a population of native speakers

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creole

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the time from birth to puberty during which normal first language acquisition can take place

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critical period

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socially acquired knowledge

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culture

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gestrues used to point at thigns or people

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deictics

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using words such as this or that as a way to point with language

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deixis

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aspects of the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of a variety of a language, in contrast to accent

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dialect

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a line representing a set of isoglosses

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dialect boundary

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an experiment in whcih a listener hears two different sounds simeultaneously

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dichotic listening

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an action in which the form used directly matches the function performed by a speaker with an utterance, in contrast to an indirect speech act

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direct speech act

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a word or phrase used to indicate that you are not really sure what you're saying is correct or complete

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hedge

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a variety of language that developed for a practical purpose such as trade, but which has no native speakers, in contrast to a creole

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pidgin

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showing awareness and consideration of another person's public self image

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politeness