Practice Test

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

An individual’s awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal

Front 2

Selective attention

Back 2

we attend only to certain things in the environment. We ignore other stimuli and only attend to a specific aspect of an experience.

Thomas is playing his video game and unaware of his mom calling him for long

Front 3

automatic processes

Back 3

states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities

sharon can type a text message on her phone without looking

Front 4

circadian Rhythms

Back 4

is a daily behavioral or physiological cycle. It includes the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.

Helen working night shifts do not follow 24-hour cycle

Front 5

REM sleep

Back 5

an active stage of sleep where dreaming occurs. An EEG shows fast waves that resemble those of wakefulness. The amount of time spent in REM sleep throughout the night changes as people get older.

The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming

Front 6

Narcolepsy

Back 6

a sleep disorder characterized by irresistible urge to sleep

Front 7

Opium

Back 7

derivatives of Morphine and heroin

Front 8

Stage 1 sleep

Back 8

characterized by theta waves that are slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves.

Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking

Front 9

Classical conditioning

Back 9

a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

dogs salivated to more than just meat powder being placed in their mouth.

Front 10

conditioned response

Back 10

the learned response of the conditioned stimulus - neutral stimulus that when associated with the US elicits a conditioned response

Jessica loves to travel by air, however, her last three flights were turbulent, now fears flying. classical conditioning

Front 11

Negative reinforcement

Back 11

in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

something bad is taken away to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Liam is studying but disturbed by loud music, he closes the window.

Front 12

Positive Reinforcement

Back 12

something is given as a reward to increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring again

in operant conditioning, increases the frequency of a behavior

Front 13

learned helplesness

Back 13

the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that is has no control over negative outcomes

Front 14

generalization

Back 14

performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

the same response is given to the same stimuli

Front 15

Secondary reinforcer

Back 15

a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.

Money

Dave earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week.

Front 16

Encoding

Back 16

the first step in memory.

we take in information from the world around us

Front 17

Divided attention

Back 17

we have to pay attention to several different things at the same time

are less successful at encoding the information that are people who give full attention to the task

Ashley listening to music while studying her textbook

Front 18

Shallow Level

Back 18

when we are paying attention to the physicalattributes of a stimulus.

Roger provides a vague description of the burglar. Unable to recall specific details

Front 19

Elaboration

Back 19

the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

a person not only remembers the definition of a stimulus, but also adds meaning to it.

Front 20

Mental Imagery

Back 20

The most powerful ways to remember information.

Akira Haraguchi in 2005 recited the digits of pi to the first 83,431 decimal places.

Aaron studies the human hear by forming a picture in his mind

Front 21

Sensory Memory

Back 21

the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds

Echoic memory - Audio

Iconic memory - Visual

Jackie walks through the park. hears dogs, children laughing, smells flowers trees, sees couples in love, families together.

Front 22

Short-Term memory

Back 22

can store information for a longer period of time than sensory memory

about 30 seconds.Mostpeople can hold about 7 bits +2 or –2 of information in short-term memory

Chunking, or grouping, improve short-term memory

Front 23

Rehearsal

Back 23

information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted.

repeating information over and over again as away to remember it

Front 24

Working Memory

Back 24

a combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks

Itcan be thought of as a mental blackboard and is essentially a place where‘thinking’ occurs.

Front 25

Long-Term Memory

Back 25

divided into the substructures of explicit memory and implicit memory

Explicit memory - declarative memory, for specific facts or events and information that can be verbally communicated

Implicit memory - nondeclarative memory. It is a type of memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without conscious memory of the experience

Front 26

Episodic memory

Back 26

type of explicit memory. It stores information about where, what, andwhen information is occurring. autobiographical, meaning that it pertainsspecifically to a person’s life

Best friends Kate and Diana watch kids play in a playground. Kate reminds her about a big fight they had when they were kids.

Front 27

Procedural memory

Back 27

a memory for skills.

Learn how to drive a car

Eric's fast fingers moving over the keyboard while playing video games

Front 28

schema

Back 28

a pre-existing mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information

reconstruct inexact long-term memories byfilling in the gaps between fragments

scripts,which help us figure outwhat is happening around us and help us organize our storage of memories aboutevents.

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting

Front 29

The serial position effect

Back 29

the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle

Theodore insists he will audition either first or last

Regency effect - better recall end

Front 30

Primacy effect

Back 30

better recall for items at the beginning of a list

Nami only recalls the opening line

Front 31

Retrieval

Back 31

heavily dependent on the way a memory was retained

Front 32

Flashbulb memory

Back 32

theemotional arousal triggered by the event contributes to the vividness and durabilityof the memory.

Joseph remembers what he was doing when he heard that his wife was in an accident

Front 33

interference theory

Back 33

people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

Front 34

Proactive

Back 34

When information that was learned at a previous time interrupts the learning of new information

Belinda confuses Jim to his best friend john

Front 35

Retroactive

Back 35

When the learning of new information disrupts the remembering of previous information

Front 36

anterograde amnesia

Back 36

a person cannot remember new information. anterograde involving the inability to make new memories.

Jennifer's stroke has not been able to form any new memories or process new information but remembers all her friends and family stories.

Front 37

Retrograde amnesia

Back 37

when someone cannot remember past information,but does not have a problem forming or retrieving newer memories.

Ryan cannot remember his injury but was able to form new relationships and memories

Front 38

Problem Solving

Back 38

an attempt to find the appropriate way of achieving a goal when the goal is not readily available

psychologists are interested.

Front 39

functional fixedness

Back 39

an individual fails to solve a problem becausethey are fixated on the usual functions.

Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles.

Front 40

Cognitively flexible

Back 40

recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation

Front 41

heuristics

Back 41

shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to aproblem but do not guarantee an answer.

often lead to different answers to a givenproblem, which are not always the clearest correct answers.

Wagner builds a robot that functions using only automatic processes

Front 42

inductive reasoning

Back 42

reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom up

it involves bottom-up processing

Front 43

confirmation bias

Back 43

the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them

a person seeks out others who share their belifs

George Burns, smoked for many years to prove smoking is harmless

Front 44

Hindsight bias

Back 44

I knew It All Along effect.

the tendency for a person to report falsely that they predicted an outcome

George state he knew the election outcome

Front 45

critical thinking

Back 45

grasping the deeper meaning of ideas

Theykeep an open mind about different approaches and perspectives and they alsodecide for themselves what to believe and what not to believe.

Front 46

mindfulness

Back 46

the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities

create new ideas, is open to new information,and is aware of more than one perspective

Front 47

Open-mindedness

Back 47

being receptive to the possibility of other waysof looking at things.

Front 48

convergent thinking

Back 48

is best when a problem has only one right answer

Front 49

intelligence

Back 49

the ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

Spearman’sg - the intelligent person is a “jack of all cognitive trades.”

Front 50

highly reliable

Back 50

Sammyscores nearly the same every time he takes a test

Front 51

reliable but not valid

Back 51

if an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but does not accurately measure intelligence

Front 52

Gifted

Back 52

IQ score of 130 or higher and/or have a superiortalent for something.

Front 53

Gardner's multiple intelligence

Back 53

Spatial describes the ability to think three-dimensionally

Front 54

Tranquilizers

Back 54

reduce anxiety and induce relaxation. to calm an anxious, nervous person.

Valium and Xanax

Front 55

Dream

Back 55

Sigmund freud, unconscious thought was where a person keeps unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond their awareness.

Front 56

Altered states of consciousness

Back 56

Drugs, trama, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation

Front 57

sleep apnea

Back 57

Cannot breath during sleep

Sarah's grandfather takes a nap and stops snorring and breathing

Front 58

observational learning

Back 58

an individual observes and then imitates anotherindividual’s behavior

one way in which human infants require skills

Front 59

Classical conditioning

Back 59

it occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together

Front 60

retaining information

Back 60

Storage refers to the process of _________

Front 61

declarative memory

Back 61

for specific facts or events and informationthat can be verbally communicated

Recalling the names of famous football team

Front 62

semantic memory

Back 62

information about the world. It includes general, everyday, and academic knowledge but not the personal information of episodic memory.

Jacob explaining the rules of chess to his brother boris