Practical 1

Front 1

-plumage mimics environment

Back 1

Crypsis

Front 2

break up outline of body

Back 2

Disruptive Patterns

Front 3

-dark on top, white on bottom

Back 3

Counter Shading

Front 4

ex: ptarmigon

Back 4

Seasonal Dichromatism

Front 5

-females brighter than males

Back 5

Reverse Sexual Dichromatism

Front 6

-males brighter than females

Back 6

Sexual Dichromatism

Front 7

-molt all feather at the same time

Back 7

Synchronous

Front 8

-only replace some feathers

Back 8

Partial Molt

Front 9

-replace all feathers

Back 9

Complete Molt

Front 10

- “fancy” plumage

Back 10

Alternate Plumage

Front 11

-everyday plumage

Back 11

Basic Plumage

Front 12

mature plumage

Back 12

Definitive Plumage

Front 13

-featherless area, allows heat loss (ex. vultores head)

Back 13

Apteria

Front 14

-feather tract

Back 14

Pterylae

Front 15

dozens of tiny projections off the each barbule

Back 15

Barbicels

Front 16

“tiny branches each barb is further divided into.”

Back 16

Barbules

Front 17

-central shaft of each barbule

Back 17

Ramus

Front 18

“hundred, parallel, that branch off from either side of the central rachis of the feather.”

Back 18

Barbs

Front 19

Proximal end of the vane is _______, or soft and downy. The distal vane is firm and bladelike and is said to be __________.”

Back 19

“Proximal end of the vane is Plumaceous, or soft and downy. The distal vane is firm and bladelike and is said to be Pennaceous.”

Front 20

**Owls Feathers are ______ to silence.

Back 20

**frayed

Front 21

-tough, fibrous sheet of tissue that connects shoulder area

Back 21

Patagium

Front 22

Feathers under the wing

Back 22

Underwing Coverts

Front 23

-wing feather, controls lift

Back 23

Alula

Front 24

-feathers past nape

Back 24

Scapulars

Front 25

-feathers past secondary

Back 25

Tertials

Front 26

Feathers located around the secondaries

Back 26

Secondary Coverts

Front 27

-attach to ulna

Back 27

Secondaries

Front 28

Feathers located around the primares

Back 28

Primary Coverts

Front 29

-attach to hand bones

Back 29

Primaries

Front 30

-entire wing feathers

Back 30

Remiges

Front 31

“a single row of feathers covering the bases of the tail feathers”

Back 31

Uppertail Coverts

Front 32

“the loose feathers that surround the cloaca, cover the ventral base of the tail”

Back 32

Undertail Coverts

Front 33

-tail feathers

Back 33

Rectrices

Front 34

“abdomen”

Back 34

Belly

Front 35

-area past sides

Back 35

Flanks

Front 36

-under wing, “arm pit”

Back 36

Sides

Front 37

“the region that overlies the pelvic bones”

Back 37

Rump

Front 38

“Dorsal region of the thorax, roughly the area of the back between the wings.”

Back 38

Mantle/Back

Front 39

“The dorsal surface of the neck

Back 39

Nape

Front 40

“gular region”

Back 40

Throat

Front 41

“also called mustache feathers”

Back 41

Malar

Front 42

-area in front of eye

Back 42

Lore

Front 43

-area behind eye

Back 43

Auriculars

Front 44

-ring around eye

Back 44

Eye-ring

Front 45

-second eyelid

Back 45

Nictitating membrane

Front 46

- “eye brows”

Back 46

Supercilium

Front 47

-posterior to the forehead

Back 47

Crown

Front 48

-stiff, almost bare rachis with sensory functions

Back 48

Bristles

Front 49

-sensory: monitor position in flight

Back 49

Filoplumes

Front 50

-central ranchis short or absent

Back 50

Down

Front 51

-has rachis “downy”

Back 51

Semiplumes

Front 52

-flight feathers of the tail

Back 52

Rectrices

Front 53

-all pennaccous feathers

Back 53

Contour

Front 54

symmetrical webbing

Back 54

palamate

Front 55

“slanted”

Back 55

Totipalamate

Front 56

thin, webbing present between inner digits
ex: shore bird

Back 56

Semipalamate

Front 57

Ex: redtail hawk

Back 57

Raptorial

Front 58

3 digits
Ex: emus

Back 58

tridactyl

Front 59

1st and 4th digit pivot freely forward & backward

Back 59

pamprodactyl

Front 60

Perching birds
(note the digit change)

Back 60

heterodactyl

Front 61

Perching Birds

Back 61

zygodactyl

Front 62

Back 62

Anisodactyl

Front 63

-flap that covers nostril-mostly in sea birds
ex. pigeon

Back 63

Operculum

Front 64

-fleshy structure at base of bill
ex. Raptors

Back 64

Cere

Front 65

-Nostril appearance of nares

Back 65

Tubular

Front 66

-Hole all the way thru nares-Ex. Valtures

Back 66

Perforate/imperforate

Front 67

-inflatable sac under chin

Back 67

Gular sac

Front 68

Back 68

Serrate

Front 69

ex. Raptors

Back 69

hooked

Front 70

Almost as if there is a “tooth” on bill

Back 70

Toothed

Front 71

“curved up” brodens at tip

Back 71

Spatulate

Front 72

pressed down

Back 72

Depressed

Front 73

Flat, elongated

Back 73

Compressed

Front 74

Back 74

Crossed

Front 75

Back 75

Decurved

Front 76

Back 76

straight

Front 77

-lower jaw & bill

Back 77

Lower Mandible

Front 78

-nostril

Back 78

Nares

Front 79

-central midline ridge

Back 79

Culmen

Front 80

-upper jaw & bill

Back 80

Upper mandible

Front 81

each digit webbed

Back 81

lobate

Front 82

-digit one used for perching

Back 82

Hallux

Front 83

Lacks rachis

Back 83

Plumulaceous

Front 84

Presence of rachis

Back 84

Pennaceous

Front 85

Back 85

Premaxilla

Front 86

Back 86

Occipital condyle

Front 87

Back 87

Sclerotic ring

Front 88

Back 88

Dentary

Front 89

Back 89

Maxilla

Front 90

Back 90

Interorbital septum

Front 91

Back 91

Nasal aperture

Front 92

Back 92

Frontal

Front 93

Back 93

Zygomatic arch

Front 94

Back 94

Hyoid apparatus

Front 95

Back 95

Cervical vertebrae

Front 96

Back 96

1) Thoracic vertebrae
2) These five vertebrae are fused

Front 97

Back 97

1) Synsacrum
2) Three thoracic, all of the sacral, and most of the caudal vertebrae

Front 98

Back 98

These are caudal vertebrae that are fused with the syncacrum

Front 99

Back 99

Furcula

Front 100

Back 100

Triosseal canal

Front 101

Back 101

Keel

Front 102

Back 102

Scapula

Front 103

Back 103

Coracoid

Front 104

Back 104

Uncinate process

Front 105

Back 105

Tibiotarsus

Front 106

Back 106

Femur

Front 107

Back 107

Carpometacarpus

Front 108

Back 108

Radius

Front 109

Back 109

Pubis

Front 110

Back 110

Ilium

Front 111

Back 111

Ishium

Front 112

What are the 3 Rs of adaptation of avian skeletons for flight? What is an example of each?

Back 112

Rigid
Fusion of vertebrae
Uncinate process
Hollow bones
Reduction
Reduction of repro organs
Loss of long tail
Lack of teeth
Redistribution (of weight)
Wings at center of the mass
Ventral flight muscles
Gizzards at center of gravity

Front 113

What forms much of the leading edge of the wing besides the carpel and carpometacarpal bones?

Back 113

Patagium

Front 114

Also called the preen or oil gland, this gland is found at the base of the spine on the dorsal surface

Back 114

Uropygial gland

Front 115

As the _________ expands and contracts during flight it causes the expansion and contraction of the interclavicle air sacs

Back 115

Furcula

Front 116

Primary depressor of the wing in down stroke

Back 116

Pectoralis major

Front 117

Bird use a form of digestion that allows them to absorb energy directly from their food called _____

Back 117

Passive digestion

Front 118

How do owls see so well?

Back 118

An elongated eye with a large front lens

Front 119

What gives raptors the eagle eye?

Back 119

An increased number of rod and cone photoreceptors (over 1 million, compared to humans who have ~200,000)

Front 120

How do owls hear rodents?

Back 120

Elliptical face and offset ears

Front 121

Birds excrete liquid waste in the form of:
Urea
Uric acid
Amonia
Water
None of the above

Back 121

B) Uric acid

Front 122

Briefly explain One-Way Respiration:
Breath 1:
Inhalation:______________
Exhalation: ______________
Breath 2:
Inhalation:______________
Exhalation:______________

Back 122

Breath 1:
Inhalation: Air goes into posterior air sac
Exhalation: Air goes into lungs
Breath 2:
Inhalation: Air goes from lungs to anterior air sac
Exhalation: Air leaves body

Front 123

Back 123

Trachea

Front 124

Back 124

Syrinx

Front 125

Back 125

Bronchi

Front 126

Back 126

Lungs

Front 127

Back 127

Small Intestine

Front 128

Back 128

Esophagus

Front 129

Back 129

Crop

Front 130

Back 130

Proventriculus

Front 131

Back 131

Gizzard

Front 132

Back 132

Colic Caeca
-aids in fermentation

Front 133

Back 133

Duodenum

Front 134

Back 134

Pancreas

Front 135

Back 135

Cloaca

Front 136

Back 136

The gizzard is reduced to a nub
For birds that do not need a functional gizzard it reduces weight
Frugivore

Front 137

Back 137

Ureter

Front 138

Back 138

Cloaca

Front 139

Back 139

Testes

Front 140

Back 140

OvariesLeft

Front 141

Back 141

The supracoracoideus goes from the sternum through the triosseal canal and attaches to the humerus

Front 142

Back 142

Deltoideus

Front 143

Back 143

Latissimus Dorsi

Front 144

Back 144

Bicep brachii

Front 145

Back 145

Common carotid a.Jugular v.

Front 146

Back 146

Subclavian a.