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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Religion
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- Laudianism and Arminianism were seriously unpopular
- enforcement of 'things indifferent', like ministers wearing vestments, caused resentment of government interference - the reclaiming of Church lands angered and worried the gentry - Laudian policies seemed closer to papist Rome than to Calvinist Geneva - conspiracy feared the existence of a popish plot at court, influencing the King - the context of the Thirty Years' War made Protestants especially worried about the survival of their religion - altar policy incensed parish communities and caused resentment and non-compliance - the ceremonialism and emphasis on externak worship stank of Catholicism and popery - alienated Puritans and more moderate 'Prayer Book Protestants' |
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Finances
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- the Forced Loan of 1627 had dubious legality, and was ruled illegal by the Long Parliament
- Ship Money was extended to the whole country in 1635; as well as being a burden, it was undermined by the Dutch beating the Spanish in English waters, and the English navy being too weak to intervene - the fiscal system relied om antiquarian laws, such as Distraint of Knighthood and Forest Fines, and the revival of old laws left many people feeling cheated - monopolies became a form of indjrect taxation - increased the yield from customs duties, which annoyed merchants - forced the Sheriff to collect SM, which made the position highly undesirable |
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Scotland
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- riots began in 1637 over the introduction of the Prayer Book
- National Covenant signed in 1638 - division and ambiguity among the English in relation to Scottish affairs - Charles' bad planning, lack of willing troops, lack of arms, lack of funds and lack of able commanders led him to lose both subsequent Bishops' Wars - many English sympathised with the Scottish cause - war with Protestant Scotland was unpopular, when in 1635 Charles had refused to enter into the Thirty Years' War to help the Protestant cause against Catholic takeovers in Europe - authoritarian rule in all three kingdoms led to similar grievances developing, and a united front forming against the King |
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Strafford
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- very unpopular due to his authoritarian leadership style
- very committed to his methods, and a harsh, sharp judge - employed the policy of Thorough together with Laud - tolerated Catholicism - alienated all three ethnic Irish groups (Old English, New English and Ulster Protestants) and united them against Charles' government - 20,000 mobbed for his death in 1640: Parliament feared his methods and ability, and saw him as a centre for rebellion (the First Army Plot planned to release Strafford by force and dissolve Parliament) |
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Extensive opposition
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- opposition held down the Speaker in 1629
- some refused the Crown its custom rights - royal policies "steadily drove more and more of the silent majority into the arms of the opposition" (Stone) - opposition rejected the "entire basis and orientation of the regime" and therefore became a powerful and dangerous force (Reeve) - "argument from silence" and reluctance to write feelings in letters disguises the true amount of resistance present - tension amongst the godly built up into a "coiled spring effect" (Morril) - there was a widespread sense of betrayal of Protestantism and therefore betrayal of God by proxy - show trials were meant to discourage open protest and drive discontentment underground - "there is every reason to believe that resentment was simmering beneath the surface" (Young) - private debates criticising PR definitely took place - there was a "deceptive...calm" and "deep-rooted tensions" lurked underneath - Clarendon commented on the "murmur and unquietness" of the people - "quietness on the surface does not necessarily indicate the existence of stability and consensus" (Ibid) - legality of royal prerogative was open to debate at all levels of sociey (braddick) - religious innovations did not just affect Puritans - the PR did not allow grievances to be solved through Parliament, and they did not just go away (Braddick) |
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Minimal opposition
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- upper class opposition was a "numerical minority" and an "inner circle" (Reeve)
- "State Papers Domestic" shows irritation over "foot dragging" over Ship Money and Puritans' behaviour, but in no way implied that this resistance was dangerous (russell) - the country was not yet united in its opposition to Charles and his policies - "most criticism was absorbed within the political system" (Russel) - the objectors to Ship Money might objected as they saw it as an illegal tax - many of the godly were unwilling to compromise as they saw themselves as the only true orthodox - "criticism and dissent still operwted through the traditional modes of petition and counsel...central to the systems of monarchy" (Sharpe) - Buckingham's assasination, peace with France and Spain and relative prosperity after 1631 brought many critics back to the normal path of cooperation - some of the gentry saw no disquiet (Ibid) - grievances did not irritate everyone to the same extent (Braddick) - calm and peace dissuaded dissent - youthly Royalists suggest acceptance of Pr (Sharpe) |
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Opposition in Scotland |
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