Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
public relations
|
leadership and management function that helps achieve organizational objectives, define philosophy, and facilitate organizational change
|
|
social marketing
|
form of public relations that tries to change public attitudes and behaviors on behalf of a social cause whose work benefits society as a whole, rather than on behalf of a sponsoring organization
|
|
publics
|
groups of individuals tied together by common characteristics or responses
-generally defined in terms of their organizational relationship to us |
|
example of publics
|
media, employees, governmental officials, community leaders, and financial analysts
|
|
public affairs
|
aspect of public relations dealing with the governmental environment of an organization
-relationship between government and an organization |
|
rhetoricians
|
speechmakers who write or deliver speeches
|
|
press agents
|
individuals who use information as a manipulative tool, employing whatever means are available to achieve desired public action and opinion
|
|
"propaganda of the deed"
|
proactive decisions solely to gain attention for ideas or grievances
|
|
theory
|
prediction of how events and actions are related
|
|
systems theory
|
looks at organizations as made up of interrelated parts, adapting and adjusting to changes in the political, economic and social environments in which they operate
|
|
open systems
|
organizations that use PR people to bring back information on how productive their relationships are with clients, customers and other stakeholders
* allow for two-way flow of resources and information between an organization and its environment |
|
closed systems
|
do not seek out new information, operate on what has happened in the past, or personal preference
* less likely to build effective relationships with key publics |
|
stakeholders
|
individuals or groups who percieve themselves as having an interest in the actions of an organization
-create problems and opportunities for each other within an organization |
|
examples of stakeholders
|
customers, media, community, financial institutions and the government
|
|
boundary spanners
|
look inside and outside the organization to anticipate issues, problems and opportunities
|
|
dominant coalition
|
primary decision makers of the organization
|
|
environment
|
concept in systems theory that suggests that organizations exist within social, political and economic arenas
|
|
situational theory
|
technique for segmenting audiences in public relations based on their likelihood of communicating
|
|
the three variables that predict when publics will seek and process information
|
1. problem recognition
2. constraint recognition 3. level of involvement |
|
problem recognition
|
a public recognizing a problem and its potential effects
|
|
constraint recognition
|
describes how publics perceive obstacles that may stand in the way of a solution
- if the public feels that it has a chance of influencing an issue they are more likely to seek and process information on that issue |
|
level of involvement
|
refers to how much an individual cares about an issue
|
|
persuasion
|
communication process intended to change behaviors, awareness or attitudes
|
|
four persuasion terms
|
1. awareness
2. attitudes 3. beliefs 4. behaviors |
|
factors that influence how persuasive PR will be
|
1. source
2. message 3. receiver |
|
social exchange theory
|
theory that assumes that individuals and groups chose strategies based on perceived rewards and costs
-costs vs. benefits to predict behavior in individuals |
|
diffusion theory
|
theory that states people adapt to an idea only after going through five stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption
-useful for explaining how we reach important decisions |
|
social learning theory
|
theory that attempts to explain and predict behavior by looking at ways individuals process information
-helps to understand that personal example and mass media can be important to acquiring new behaviors |
|
elaborated likelihood model
|
a cognitive processing model that explains whether people skim messages for relevant cues (peripheral processing) or read and think through the material (central processing)
|
|
uses and gratifications theory
|
a theory that asserts people are active and selective users of media
|
|
peripheral route
|
people are influenced by repetition, a credible spokesperson, or tangible rewards
|
|
central route
|
situation in which people actively think about an idea
-presumes people are interested in your message, have time to attend to your arguments and can evaluate your evidence with an open mind |
|
agenda setting theory
|
theory that suggests that media content that people read, see, and listen to set the agenda for society's discussion and interaction
-media cant tell you what to think but can tell you what to think about |
|
media agenda
|
topics chosen by the media to report
|
|
roles
|
collection of daily activities that people do
|
|
manager role
|
refers to the public relations roles undertaken by public relations managers to identify and solve problems
|
|
technician role
|
PR practitioners who perform the skills of writing, editing, or producing the public relations material
|
|
models
|
way of looking at something
|
|
cultural interpreter model
|
model of public relations focused on explaining the culture of an organizations publics or stakeholders
|
|
personal influence model
|
model of public relations based on friendship
|
|
conflict resolution
|
efforts to reduce friction between individuals or organizations and publics
|
|
9 conflict resolution strategies
|
1. contention
2. cooperation 3. accommodation 4. avoidance 5. unconditional constructive 6. compromise 7. principled 8. win/win or no deal 9. mediated |
|
commercial speech
|
public communications by business organizations through advertising or public relations to achieve sales or other organizational goals
|
|
defamation
|
any communication that holds a person up to contempt, hatred, ridicule, or scorn
|
|
criminal libel
|
public defamatory communication causing breech of the peace or incitement to riot- the state, or the injured party through the government, seeks punishment under criminal statures, which may result in fine, imprisonment or both
|
|
civil libel
|
cases involving published, defamatory information showing negligence and identifying the injured party- the injured party seeks monetary damage under civil statures
|
|
malice
|
a requirement of civil libel in cases involving public figures that states that the plaintiff must show the defendants knowledge of the falsity of published material or a reckless disregard for the truth
|
|
elements of civil libel
|
1. publication
2. defamation 3. damage 4. identification 5. fault 6. malice |
|
privilege
|
a defense against libel- the allowance of what might otherwise be libelous because of the circumstances under which a statement was produced. A person has "qualified privilege" to report fairly and accurately a public meeting or record, even if it turns out to be untrue.
|
|
fair comment
|
a defense against libel, the expression of opinion on matters of public interest
|
|
privacy rights
|
protection from unauthorized intrusion into a persons private life
|
|
invasion of privacy
|
four areas in which one entity may violate the privacy of another- appropriation, publication of private information, intrusion, or publication of false information
|
|
appropriation
|
commercial use of a persons picture, likeness, or name without permission
|
|
publication of private information
|
part of privacy law that says even though it is true, some information, such as health records, cant be published without prior consent
|
|
intrusion
|
surreptitious recording or observing of others peoples private documents, possessions, activities, or communications
|
|
false light
|
part of privacy law that indicates privacy has been invaded if truthful information has been used in an exaggerated form or out of context
|
|
written consent
|
defense against invasion of privacy and copyright violation when permission is given in writing
|
|
Freedom of Information Act
|
a law passed in 1966, and amended in 1974 requiring the disclosure of certain categories of government information
|
|
Sunshine Act
|
a law requiring meetings of governmental boards, commissions, and agencies to be open to the public
|
|
USA Patriot Act
|
a 2001 federal law that permits the government wider powers to access individual records
|
|
Federal Trade Commission
|
The federal government regulatory body charged with ensuring fair dealing in relation to goods and services in terms of such things as truth in advertising- governs all commercial advertising
|
|
Food and Drug Administration
|
the agency that labeling, packaging, and sale of food, drugs and cosmetics
|
|
Federal Communications Commission
|
A regulatory body established in 1934 to regulate television and radio broadcasting
|
|
National Labor Relations Board
|
the federal government regulatory body charged with overseeing union activities and union/ management relations. it governs communication between unions and employers
|
|
Securities and Exchange Commission
|
Federal government regulatory body established by congress in 1934 to oversee the trade of stocks and bonds and the operations of financial markets
|
|
Securities and Exchange act of 1934
|
requires adequate publicity for sale of stocks and full disclosure of any pertinent information when it becomes available, it set up the securities and exchange commission to regulate financial markets
|
|
fair use
|
permission to use creative expression of others without compensation, it is based on four criteria specified in the 1976 copyright law.
|
|
copyright
|
legal protection from unauthorized use of intellectual property fixed in any tangible medium of expression
|
|
trademark
|
a legally protected name, logo, or design registered to restrict its use to the owner
|
|
product liability
|
the principle that companies are responsible for any damage or disease that may be caused by the use of their products
|