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13 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Second Bishops' War
- Charles had great difficulty finding a commander for the English army: Northumberland was ill, and Strafford was struck down by gout, while Charles stayed in London
- while the majority of the King's army was still in York, the Scots won the Battle of Newburn in September 1640 and captured Newcastle, thus controlling London's coal supply
- the English Army, with Strafford incapacitated, was struck down by gout, desertion, mutiny and unwillingness to fight
- there was evident correspondence between the Covenanters and English opponents of the Personal Rule
- Charles called a meeting of the Council of Peers on 24th September at York, which advised the King to call Parliament
- on 21st October 1640, Charles forced to sign the Treaty of Ripon: Parliament called to address Scottish grievances and create a peace settlement, Scots to stay in Newcastle until such a peace settlement reached, and Charles to pay the occupying army £850 a day
- in November 1640, the King issued writs to country sheriffs in preparation for a parliamentary election
Why did Charles abandon PR in 1640?
- Personal Rule aroused widespread opposition in England, Scotland and Ireland
- religious issues helped motivate people who otherwise would not have resisted it
- examples of Prynne, Bastwick and B..., Ship Money, Prayer Book riots in 1637 provided oppositonal centres
- Bishops' Wars forced Charles to call a parliament
- Charles' defeat in the Bishops' Wars was largely caused by the unpopularity of the wars, the inefficiencies of local government and the Crown's financial weakness
Overview
1637: Prayer Book riots
1638: National Covenant
1639: First Bishops' War
1639: Pacification of Berwick in June
1639: Strafford called back from Ireland and advises a Parliament in September
1640: Charles dissolves Short Parliament after 3 weeks after it refuses to grant funds before grievances are addressed
1640: Charles defeated in 2nd BW. Scots occupy north-east England. Treaty of Ripon ln 21st October
1640: Long Parliament meets in November
Climacterics
- Long Parliament 1640 until civil war 1642
- New Model Army defies Parliament in 1647 till the 2nd Civil War, the execution of Charles and the establishment of the Commonwealth
- Cromwell's quarrel with the Rump Parliament to the establishment of his protectorate in 1653
- confrontation of Richard Cromwell in 1659 and the restoration of Charles II
Long Parliament
- opened on 3rd November 1640
- there were expectations of political and religious reform
- Pym warned Parliament of a Catholic conspiracy, aimed at altering the kingdom "both in religion and government" and accused the government of stirring up the Anglo-Scottish wars, of trying out absolutism in Ireland, and of planning to use the Irish army to bring England to order
- Strafford and Laud impeached and imprisoned awaiting trial
- to lessen morale, Parliament threatened to impeach any sheriff or customs officer who had collected SM or tonnage and poundage
Divisiveness of Religion
- some people resented the destruction of their church, and some even defended altar rails
- many clergymen stopped wearing surplices and using the prayer book
- Lords said divine service should be "performed as it is appointed by the laws of Parliament"
- bill for abolition of episcopacy was debated at length: did not go to Presbyterianism or religious liberty, but instead put ecclesiastical jurisdiction and most church property in the hands of laymen
- Jan 1641: Commons proposed to remove altars and rails and destroy "superstitious" items or imagery; refused to pass an order condemning those who didn't use the PB; order finally passed on 8th September in a depleted house and had no legal force as Lords had rejected it
- some godly preachers formed their own congregations; one aim of the bill was to weaken the clergy, as the Commons were pissed off that the Lords refused to exclude the bishops
- church courts could be used to reform public morality
- Laudians were abused, services disrupted and Prayer Books soiled and torn
- in the second half of 1641, a growing number of petitions were in favour of the PB
- profits of Church lands could ease financial problems
- March 1641: Lords ordered that the communion table should "stand decently in the ancient place where it ought to do so by the law"
- rioting became more and more political and religious and violent in nature, usually against Catholics, Laudians and courtiers
- Commons authorised parishioners to invite godly preachers in
- Lords agreed to exclude clergymen from exercising civil authority
- Junto promoted bishops' exclusion bill to appease the Scots, amd after the Scottish treaty on 3rd August, it was quietly dropped
- some claimed that the Protestation bound them to abolish the liturgy and ceremonies as well as government and discipline of the church

1640

  • Laud and Strafford were impeached as "evil counsellors"
  • monopolists were expelled from the Commons
  • the Canons of 1634 were condemned
  • "root and branch" petitions begin to be sent to Commons

Early months of 1641

  • Charles agreed to Triennial Act and Act Forbidding the Dissolution of This Parliament Without Its Own Consent
  • Strafford was put on trial in House of Lords on charge of high treason: defence was so solid that Pym was forced to charge him on a Bill of Attainder: Charles was very angry at what he perceived to be the murder of his friend
  • Act of Parliament declared Strafford guilty; Charles forced to sign the Act for fear of his own and his family's safety (crowds of 200,000)
  • Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission abolished

Chances of compromise

  • Many MPs were won over by Charles' conciliatory attitude and sacrifice of Strafford
  • death of Strafford eased the tense atmosphere
  • the religious and political radicalism of Pym and his supporters worried many MPs
  • it was obvious that the opposition leaders were in alliance with rebellious Scots Covenanters who still controlled Newcastle and London's coal supply
  • settlement was prevented by death of moderate but influential Earl of Bedford in May 1641 (bridge appointments made to ease tensions)
  • replaced in negotiations with Charles by Lord Saye and Sele, devout Puritan with a deep mistrust of Charles

Events turning against Charles, winter 1641

  • just as moderates were beginning to win back upper hand in Commons, news of Irish Rebellion came through
  • Pym exploited the uprising by claiming that there was a Catholic conspiracy (approved of by Charles) to win victory in Ireland, overthrow Parliament in England and then restore Catholicism in England
  • Grand Remonstrance (159-148) detailed a catalogue of crimes committed by those who supported the King over the last decade or so
  • vote shows that many MPs abstained from voting
  • IR raised question over who should control militia: Parliament made the revolutionary claim that it should hold the power, not the king

1642: the drift to war

  • Charles attempted to arrest the Five Members, motivated by Pym's rumour that the Queen was to be impeached and charged with high treason
  • Charles' failure to use troops at his disposal to close down Parliament led to his departure from London
  • opposition leaders in Commons and Lords found themselves in control of London, and could claim that the king was being advised to resort to military force to destroy them
  • Parliament was then forced into making revolutionary claims about the power of Parliament in relation to the King
  • Charles raised his standard at Nottingham in August 1642: Civil War had begun

Nineteen Propositions: June 1642

  • all King's counsellors to be approved by Parliament
  • Parliament to control the militia and troops raised for defence of nation
  • all business concerning the kingdom to pass through King's Council and Parliament
  • Parliament to approve of those education the King's children
  • laws against papists to be enforced

Conclusion

  • war began in 1642 because the united opposition of 1640 became divided over the next 18 months and the King found he had increasing political support
  • At the same time, the radicals in parliament moved from being conservatives (preserving the old order) into revolutionaries (demanding genuine and far-reaching changes in the balance of power between Parliament and King)
  • Adamson claims that the main centre of opposition to Charles came from Puritan Junto (Warwick, Essex, Northumberland etc.) and their clients
  • they had a revolutionary agenda and wanted to turn Charles into a figurehead, like the doge of Venice
  • group was politically astute and used ancient precedents to take charge of most of the king's income during 1641, thus rendering Charles powerless
  • Charles failed to destroy the opposition because he was apparently unwilling to use the available military forces at his disposal early enough, and then in 1642 rediscovered the English Crown's perennial problem: it was difficult to raise troops without the approval of Parliament!