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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Free radicals |
Infections Neutrophils |
Cause |
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MOST rapidly dividing cells |
Growth (pregnancy, childhood, puberty) |
Periods |
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B12 def |
Methylmalonic ac in urine Neuropathy Ch state (yrs to be depleted) |
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Syphilis |
Anterior bowing of legs |
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Vit K inhibition |
Cefamandole Cefotetan Cefoperazone Moxalactam |
Cephalosporins |
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Smallest aa |
Glycine |
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Proline |
ONLY Imino acid |
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Sickle cell anemia |
Val for glu |
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HbC Dz |
Lys for glu |
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Statins SE |
Myositis Hepatitis Increase liver enz's |
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X-linked enz's def's |
G6PD: glu-6-Pase CGD: NADPH Pyruvate DHSE Fabry's: @-galactosidase Hunter's Lesch-Nyhan: HPRT |
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Newborn screening |
PKU Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Biotidinase Galactosemia Hypothyroidism |
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Steroids |
Inhibit macrophage migration Kill T-cells & eosinophils Inhibit phospholipase A Inhibit mast cell degranulation Stabilizes endothelium Stimulate protein synthesis |
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Low volume state |
Decrease K+, Na+, Cl- Increase pH & BP |
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B12 |
Methyl malonyl CoA mutase Homocysteine methyl transferase |
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B vit's |
B1 = thiamine (Beriberi, Wernicke's, Korsakoff) B2 = riboflavin (angular stomatitis) B3 = niacin (pellagra - 4 D's) B4 = lipoic ac B5 = pantothenic ac B6 = pyridoxine (seizures) B9 = folic ac B12 = cobalamine (pernicious anemia, neuropathy) |
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Mast cells |
Histamine SRS-A ECF of anaphylaxis |
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Eosinophil |
Histaminase Aryl-sulfatase Heparin |
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Increase cholesterol |
Xanthomas on extensor surfaces Increased risk for CAD |
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Increase TGCs |
Xanthelasmas on eyelids & face Increase risk of pancreatitis |
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Trinucleotide repeats |
Huntington's Fragile X Myotonic Dystrophy Spinal/bulbar muscular atrophy Friederick's ataxia Prader Willi |
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Gluconeogenesis ONLY |
Pyruvate DHSE PEP carboxykinase Fru-1,6-Pase Glu-6-Pase |
Enz's |
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ONLY in glycolysis |
Hexokinase PhosphoFructoKinase (PFK) 1 Pyruvate kinase |
Enz's |
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Elastase |
S. aureus Pseudomonas |
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
I = Amytal, rotenone II = malonate III = antimycin IV = CN, CO, chloramphenicol V = oligomycin |
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ETC uncouplers |
Chemical = DNP, free Fa's Physical = aspirin |
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aa's in/out of Krebs |
Pyruvate = gly, ala, ser Acetyl CoA = phe, ile, thr, tyr, lys, leu @KG = glu, gln Succinyl CoA = phe, trp, tyr Fumerate = pro OAA = asp, asn |
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aa def's |
PKU = phenylalanine hydroxylase Maple Syrup Dz = branched aa's (leu, lys, val) Cystinuria = cystathione synthase |
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aa |
alanine = ala arginine = arg asparagine = asn aspartate = asp cysteine = cys glycine = gly glutamine = gln glutamate = glu histidine = his isoleucine = ile leucine = leu lysine = lys methionine = met phenylalanine = phe proline = pro serine = ser tryptophan = trp threonine = thr tyrosine = tyr valine = val |
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aa |
acidic = asp, glu basic = arg, lys sulfur bonds = cys, met O-bonds = ser, thr, trp N- bonds = asp, gln branched = leu, ile, val aromatic (bulky) = phe, thr, trp smallest = gly bends = pro ketogenic = lys, leu gluco- & keto- genic = phe, ile, thr, trp ONLY glucogenic = his, arg, glu, asp, gln, asn, tyr, cys, pro, met, val, ala, gly |
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Essential aa's |
Phe Trp His Val Ile Arg Thr Met Leu Lys
phe def = tyr essential met def = cys essential |
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Restriction enz's |
Cut to the Rt trypsin = arg, lys chymotrypsin = phe, tyr, trp elastase = gly, ser, ala mercaptoethanol = met, cys aminopeptidase = amino terminal cyanobromide = met
Cut to the Lt carboxypeptidase = carboxy terminal |
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Cofactors for pyruvate DHSE, @KG DHSE & branched chain DHSE |
B1 = TPP B2 = FAD B3 = NAD B4 = lipoic ac B5 = CoA |
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XLR |
CGD = NADPH oxidase def G6PD Lesch-Nyhan Pyruvate DHSE def Fabry's Hunter's Burton's agammaglobulinemia Duchenne's muscular dystrophy Color blindness Hemophilia |
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XLD |
Huntington's Vit D resistant rickets |
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Glycogen synthesis |
Glycogen synthase Branching: Glycogen @-1,4-glycosyltransferase Glycogen @-1,6-glycosyltransferase |
Enz's |
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Glycogenolysis |
Phosphorylase Debranching enz @-1,6-glucosidase Phosphatase |
Enz's |
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HAD |
Male = female Heterozygous have manifestation Transmitted by either parent Delayed onset (adult) Vertical transmission Decrease penetrance & variable expressivity Structural defects |
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HAR |
Parents NOT affected Seen in siblings & uncles Early onset (child) Manifests when BOTH alleles mutated Horizontal transmission Enz defect |
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Mitochondrial |
Mother pass Dz ONLY ALL offspring affected CNS, <3 & sk. m. affected |
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Hypercholesterolemia |
Provastatin Atorvastatin Lovastatin Simvastatin |
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors |
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ASA |
COX irreversible inhibitor |
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Metronidazole |
Increase free radicals prod |
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Valproic ac |
Inhibit Na+ & Ca2+ |
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Amyloidosis |
AL = Ig light chain 1ry amyloidosis MM
AA = unique N-terminal Ch active Dz Hodgkin's
Pre-albumin/transthyretin = single aa substitution Hereditary neuropathy, nephropathy & cardiopathy
AB = B2-microglobin Cerebral art amyloid Alzheimer's Down
AE = endocrine Aging
AP = assoc w/ ALL |
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Coumadin & Heparin |
Coumadin Heparin Extrinsic Intrinsic Tissue Blood PT PTT 2, 7, 9, 10 3 PO IV 8-10 hr Immediate Teratogenic Pregnants OK Inhibit vit K de- DOC for DVT pendent factor |
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HLA |
IDDM-1 = DR3, DR4 Pernicious anemia = DR5 Hemochromatosis = A3 21-@-hydroxylase def (vit D) = BW47 |
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Niacin (B3) |
Decrease VLDL prod in liver |
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Sulfonylureas |
1st gen = inhibit K+ channels in islet cells
2nd gen = inhibit gluconeogenesis in liver |
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Miglitol/ascarbose |
Inhibit glucose absorption in GIT |
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Metformin |
STOP gluconeogenesis in liver |
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Troglitazone |
Increase insulin receptors sensitivity |
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Inhibit Na+ & Ca2+ |
Valproic ac Carbamazepine |
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When vit A is used? |
Measles CA Infections Burn |
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Vit B3 = Niacin |
Increase metabolism Increase HDL SEs: flushing Itching (PGs - histamine release by mast cells) - Give ASA prophylactically Insulin resistance (DM-2) Gout (competes w/ uric ac)
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Carcinoid synd |
Mets to liver 5-HT in urine - overuse of trp Decrease vit B3 2ry pellagra |
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Increase HDL |
Exercise Niacin Estrogen Moderate R-OH Genetics |
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Antioxidants |
Vit E = blood Vit C = GIT Vit A = mild |
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Factor V (Leiden) mutation |
MCC spontaneous venous clot Give warfarin for LIFE! |
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Autosomal Dominant |
Structural Dz 1 parent w/ Dz = 1/2 chance Both parents w/ Dz = 3/4 chance NO carrier = ONLY 1 gene needed to express Incomplete penetrance = has gene BUT NO Dz Variable expression = same gene in family members BUT look different |
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Autosomal Recessive |
MOST enzymes Family Hx Skip generation Dz = 1/4 Carrier = 2/3 |
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Barbiturates |
Increase Cl- channel opening duration = GABA effects enhanced |
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Amitriptyline |
DOC for ch neuropathy |
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Tetanus toxin |
Blocks release of gly from sp cord = stronger muscle contractions = diaphragm locks up = Pt CAN'T breath |
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Lots of Disulfide bonds |
Prolactin Insulin GH Inhibin |
PIGI hormones |
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Catecholamines |
Dopamine Epi NE |
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trp in urine |
Hartnup's |
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Kwashiorkor |
Protein-calorie malnutrition |
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Enzymes that use Biotin |
Carboxylases |
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MC CA in America |
Skin |
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Has a lot of twists and turns |
Hair GIT Vessel |
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Lots of Beta pleated sheets |
Flat = skin, flat bones |
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Give Alzheimer Pts to prevent oxidation |
Vit E |
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MEN-2 tumors |
Medullary CA of thyroid Pheochromocytoma |
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Lowest Km for ANY substrate |
Brain |
Where? |
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Effects of acidosis |
GABA increase Proteins denature HypERkalemia Kussmaul breathing |
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Myoglobin |
ONLY in muscle Weak acid |
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MC IBD in 1/2 age |
Crohn's |
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Drug-induced lupus |
Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide Penicillamine Phenytoin Ethosuximide |
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MC COD while toxic |
Resp failure |
b/c of CNS depression |
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MC COD during w/drawal |
Arrhythmias |
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Spleen fx's |
Removes: old RBCs oddly-shaped RBCs nuclear remnants (Howell-Jolly) encapsulated org's (S. pneumoniae, HiB, meningococcus) |
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#1 reason for transfusion |
Sxic anemia |
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