Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the detriments of early castration in ruminants?
|
Decreased urethra size
Increased stone formation |
|
What are the two narrowing points of the male ruminant urethra?
|
Sigmoid flexure and urethral process
|
|
What kidney is palpable in ruminants?
|
Left kidney, more motile in cows
Can't palpate in SR (Lefty-Loosey) |
|
What is Azotemia?
|
The accumulation of urea and creatinine in the blood due to pre-renal, renal, or post-renal causes
(Pre-uremia) |
|
What is Uremia?
|
A clinical syndrome consisting of depression, anorexia, and other signs resulting from severe azotemia
Leads to uremic calculi and ulcers |
|
What does a stable foam in the urine of a ruminant symbolize?
|
Excess protein-->Amyloid
|
|
Where can you palpate the ureters in SR, and what might you find?
|
Over the ischial arch, may find a pulsating ureter if blocked
|
|
What sedative should you avoid in blocked SR? What are good alternatives?
|
AVOID XYLAZINE! (Diuretic)
Use Diazepam or ACE |
|
What are the three ketones excreted in urine? Which one is 1st to increase in ketotic cows? Which one is measured by dipstick?
|
beta-hydroxybutyrate (1st to increase in cows)
Acetone Acetoacetate (measured by dipstick) |
|
What might an increased urobilinogen on dipstick indicate?
|
Hemolytic disease
|
|
What is the normal USG in ruminants?
What is Isosthenuric? What is Hyposthenuric? |
Normal: 1020-1050
Isosthenuric: 1010-1020 Hyposthenuric: <1010 |
|
What kind of urine sample might you want to collect if concerned about pyelonephritis?
|
Catheterized sample- want a bacterial culture
|
|
What does a Hyaline cast mean?
|
Whole nephron with protein-- Pyelonephritis/CRF
|
|
What does an RBC cast mean?
|
Glomerulonephritis
|
|
What does a leukocyte cast mean?
|
Interstitial nephritis, Inflammation
|
|
What does a granular cast mean?
|
Advanced renal failure
|
|
Where would you take a renal biopsy in a ruminant?
|
percutaneously, 6" Tru-cut biopsy needle through right dorsal flank
|
|
What is the process causing pre-renal azotemia?
|
Decreased renal perfusion (due to dehydration-->hypovolemia) leads to decreased GFR, leading to increased waste in systemic circulation
|
|
When can pre-renal azotemia lead to acute renal failure?
|
In severe cases with ischemic disease (colitis horses, blocked goats)
|
|
What causes a renal azotemia?
|
Renal tissue dysfunction leading to impaired excretion of urea, creatinine, and potassium
toxic Inflammatory infectious |
|
What are some toxic causes of renal azotemia?
|
Aminoglycosides (gentacin, amikacin) (NEPHRON)
Tetracyclines (glomeruli) Banamine (Glomeruli) |
|
What are inflammatory causes of renal azotemia>
|
Pyelonephritis
|
|
What is the pathophys of post-renal azotemia?
|
Obstruction to urinary excretion causes a back up of urine, leading to hydronephrosis, which increases pressure in the kidney leading to renal damage (within 3-4 days)
|
|
What are some clin path findings of azotemia?
|
USG >1020 in face of dehydration
Creatinine increases Include PCV, TP, USG and clinical findings |
|
How do you differentiate between pre-renal and renal azotemia?
|
Response to treatment: there should be a quick decrease in creatinine with treatment (pre-renal)
|
|
What should be noted when interpreting creatinine?
|
High creatinine doesn't always equal renal disease. If the animal is very muscular, there may be a high creatinine with normal kidneys
|
|
What are clinical findings of acute renal failure?
|
normal to decreased urine output
depression signs of primary disease |
|
What are some causes of acute renal failure?
|
Banamine toxicity (ulcers and RF due to decreased GFR)
Oxytetracycline (Liquamycin) |
|
What are some lab findings of acute renal failure?
|
Moderate to severe Azotemia
USG <1020 UA: RBC/WBC, proteinuria, myoglobinuria, casts |
|
What are some electrolyte changes associated with acute renal failure?
|
Hyponatremia: urinary loss
Hypokalemia: anorexia, may see an increase with obstruction Hypochloremia: urine loss, GI sequestration Paradoxic aciduria with metabolic alkalosis Hypocalcemia/hypophosphatemia |
|
What are some post-renal azotemia lab findings?
|
BUN/CREA: norm to mild increase in acute disease
Mod-severe in ruptures UA: may see increased crystals in sediment Occult hematuria/proteinuria Hyperkalemia: increases to point of death |
|
How do you diagnose tubular necrosis?
|
UA/Chem/PE
|
|
How do you treat tubular necrosis?
|
IV/Oral fluids
|
|
What are some causes of tubular necrosis?
|
Oxalates: Beets, pigweed, oak, lilly
Aminoglycosides Hg, As, Pb, Zn, Cu (heavy metal toxicity) Vitamin D, Mycotoxins, Ethylene glycol |
|
What are some causes of bacterial cystitis/pyelonephritis?
|
Ascending infection
1. Corynebacterium renale (G+) 2. A. pyogenes 3. E.Coli (HUS-ETEC: OH157) |
|
What are some risk factors for bacterial cystitis/pyelonephritis?
|
Urine stasis/pooling
Dystocia Retained [placenta Metritis Urine splashing (C. renale) |
|
What are some clinical signs of cystitis/pyelonephritis?
|
Swollen, large, painful kidney
Stranguria Hematuria |
|
How do you treat bacterial cystitis/pyelonephritis?
|
Fluids
Penicillin (good renal excretion) Naxcel (Ceftiofur) Nephrotomy if extreme |
|
What are some causes of hematuria in Dairy cattle?
|
Pyelonephritis
Hemolytic disease (urinary calculi, Urolithiasis, MCF) |
|
What is Ulcerative posthitis/vulvovaginitis?
|
"Pizzle rot"
An ulcerative infection of mucus membranes and skin of the prepuce/vulvar region due to Corynebacterium renale infections in response to high urinary urea concentrations |
|
What predisposes an animal to ulcerative posthitis/vulvitis?
|
High dietary protein (Meat Goats)
Management factors (lives in wool and scabs) Contagious |
|
How do you treat ulcerative posthitis/vulvitis?
|
Clip hair
Apply topical agents Systemic penicillin/tetracyclines May need to debride area |
|
What causes glomerulonephritis in ruminants?
|
Uncommon
Likely due to type III hypersensitivity in response to bacterial/viral infection Caused by BVDV/pregnancy toxemia |
|
What are clinical signs and diagnostics of glomerulonephritis?
|
Signs: Anorexia, decreased milk production, QAR
Diagnosis: Persistent proteinuria, azotemia, low serum albumin, requires biopsy/necropsy |
|
What are the top 3 Type III hypersensitivities seem in lactating cattle?
|
1. Peritonitis
2. Pneumonia 3. Mastitis |
|
What is the pathophys of amyloidosis?
|
Perivascular deposition of amyloid in the kidney/other tissues leads to a disrupted blood supply and organ dysfunction.
Chronic antigenic stimulus causing a type 3 hypersensitivity |
|
How do you diagnose amyloidosis?
|
Stable foam in discharged urine
Biopsy differs it from glomerulonephritis-- CONGO RED stain |
|
What strains of Lepto are renal infections in cattle associated with?
|
L. interrogans hardjo (host-adapted)
L. pomona L. grippothyphosa |
|
How do you diagnose and treat lepto infections in cattle?
|
Dark field microscopy to diagnose
Oxytetracycline to treat |
|
What is Enzootic hematuria?
|
Chronic or intermittent hematuria in cattle/sheep due to chronic ingestion of bracken fern (Ptaquiloside toxin)
|
|
What is the course of disease of enzootic hematuria?
|
Disease doesn't appear until >1y after consumption
Initially hemorrhagic cystitis Eventually bladder neoplasia which involves infection with bovine papillomavirus type 2 |
|
What are the different types of crystals SR can get?
|
Struvite/Phosphate: feedlot animals (high protein)
Calcium carbonate: Blackberry/clover Silicate: sandy areas |
|
What are some clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis?
|
Abdominal distension
Pulsating urethra flagging vocalization |
|
What is the first step in treatment of obstructive urolithiasis?
|
Stabilize the patient!
Pain management/sedation Metabolic/hemodynamic stabilization Prevent rupture (cystocentesis/drainage) Relief of obstruction |
|
What are the two critical problems that can arise with obstructive urolithiasis? How to treat?
|
1. Shock: Norm R at 90 mL/kg bolus or saline 7.2% at 4 mL/kg bolus
2. Hyperkalemia: Insulin, dextrose, bicarb (NO DIURETIC!) |
|
How do you treat a slaughter animal for obstructive urolithiasis?
|
1. Give oral fluids
2. Incise SQ if urethral rupture 3. Drain abdomen if uroperitoneum |
|
How do you treat a feedlot/ low value animal for obstructive urolithiasis?
|
1. Amputate the urethral process
2. Perineal urethrostomy |
|
How do you treat a pet/valuable animal for obstructive urolithiasis?
|
1. Amputate the urethral process
2. Tube cystotomy 3. Bladder marsupialization |
|
What are the benefits/drawbacks of perineal urethrostomy?
|
Salvage procedure (do it subischial)
Cons: low survival rate, high reoccurence |
|
How do you perform a tube cystotomy?
|
Must be left in at least 7 days to rest urethra to pass stones
Anti-inflammatories: Banamine, Aspirin Fluids/urine acidification: Ammonium chloride |
|
What is Walpole's solution?
|
Distilled water with sodium acetate/ glacial acetic acid (pH=4.5)
Dissolves calculi, but causes HUGE reactions/cystitis |
|
How do you prevent calcium carbonate stones from forming?
|
Decrease Ca (NO alfalfa)
Acidify urine (5-10g Ammonium chloride/day) |
|
How do you prevent Phosphate/struvite calculi from forming?
|
Improve Ca:P ratio to 2:1
Avoid pelleted feed, increase forage Add NaCl @ 3-5% of daily diet Add NH4Cl at 0.5-1.0% ratio Increase water intake |
|
How do you prevent silica stones from forming?
|
Add 15% NaCl to creep feed
Add Ammonium Cl to 1% ratio Consider range grass |