Posture Final

Front 1

What are the bones of the talocural (ankle) joint?

Back 1

tibia, fibula, talus

Front 2

Bones of the foot (superior). Excludes toes.

Back 2

Front 3

Bones of the foot (superior). Toes.

Back 3

Front 4

Bones of the foot (medial).

Back 4

Front 5

Bones of the foot (lateral).

Back 5

Front 6

Ligaments of the ankle (medial).

Back 6

Front 7

Ligaments of the ankle (lateral).

Back 7

Front 8

Pronation is a combination of:

Back 8

Eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion

Front 9

Supination is a combination of:

Back 9

inversion, adduction, plantar flexion

Front 10

What is the most common injury in physically active people?

Back 10

Ankle sprains.

Front 11

What is the most common type of ankle sprain?

Back 11

Inversion combined with plantar flexion

Front 12

What are the most commonly injured ligaments in a plantar flexion and inversion sprain?

Back 12

anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular, anterior and posterior tibiofibular.

Front 13

What is the most commonly injured ligaments in an inversion sprain?

Back 13

Calcaneofibular ligament

Front 14

What are the most commonly injured ligaments in a dorsiflexion sprain?

Back 14

anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Front 15

What are the most commonly injured ligaments in an eversion sprain?

Back 15

Deltoid ligaments, anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments (when it is a severe sprain), interosseous membrane (with an increase in the external rotation)

Front 16

What ligament is most often affected in inversion ankle sprains?

Back 16

Anterior talofibular

Front 17

What decreases the likelihood of eversion injuries?

Back 17

Bone protection and strength of the delltoid ligament

Front 18

What movement causes a distal tibiofibular sprain?

Back 18

External rotation or forced dorsiflexion.

Front 19

Osteochondritis dissecans

Back 19

Injury to the cartilage or cartilage/ subchondral bone in which a bone fragment can be partially or completely detached.

Front 20

When does an ankle affected with osteochondritis dissecans appear to lock with movement?

Back 20

When the bone fragment moves into the joint.

Front 21

Symptoms of Osteochondritis dissecans

Back 21

-chronic ankle pain
-intermittent swelling of the ankle

Front 22

Medial capsular ligament

Back 22

Front 23

Metatarsalgia

Back 23

-pain in the foot between 2nd and 3rd metatarsal head
-lowered transverse arch

Front 24

Treatment of Metatarsalgia

Back 24

Place metatarsal cushion in shoes

Front 25

Toe sprain

Back 25

-caused by kicking an object
-sprain of joint capsule and ligaments

Front 26

Pain and symptoms in toe sprains

Back 26

-immediate and intense, but of short duration
-swelling and discolouration in 1-2 days
-residual pain and stiffness for several weeks
-pain at end range of motion

Front 27

Hyperextension of big toe (Turf toe)

Back 27

-results in a sprain
-swelling and pain that increase during the push phase

Front 28

Hallux Valgus (common name)

Back 28

Bunion

Front 29

Hallux Valgus (description)

Back 29

-exostosis on first metatarsal head
-inflammation, lateral deviation of big toe
-degenerative process (osteoarthritis)
-pain when walking

Front 30

Hallux Vagus treatment

Back 30

-orthotics to correct biomechanics problems and prevent progression
-surgery

Front 31

Hallux Rigidus

Back 31

-development of osteophytes on dorsal part of the first metatarsalphalangeal joint
-loss of dorsiflexion
-degenerative process
-change in biomechanics of walking

Front 32

Halluz rigidus treatment

Back 32

-orthotics to correct biomechanics
-surgery in some cases

Front 33

Tibialis anterior

Back 33

Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

Front 34

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Back 34

-Attaches to medial surface of fibula
-Extension of toes and dorsiflexion of ankle
-tendon splits to attach to 2-5 phalanges

Front 35

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Back 35

-Attaches to medial surface of fibula
-tendon extends to big toe
-dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion

Front 36

Fibularis Longus

Back 36

-Attaches to proximal head of fibula
-eversion and plantar flexion

Front 37

Fibularis Brevis

Back 37

-attaches to distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
-eversion and plantar flexion

Front 38

Fibularis Tertius

Back 38

--attaches to distal 1/3 of media surface of fibula
-eversion and dorsiflexion

Front 39

Tibialis Posterior

Back 39

-attaches to head of fibula
-inversion and plantar flexion

Front 40

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Back 40

-sits medial+anterior to tibialis posterior
-flexion of phalanges 2-5

Front 41

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Back 41

-flexion of big toe
-plantar flexion

Front 42

Gastrocnemius

Back 42

-causes bulge in calf
-plantar flexion
-knee flexion
-attaches to Achilles tendon

Front 43

Soleus

Back 43

-attaches to head of fibula
-involved in walking
-plantar flexion

Front 44

Plataris

Back 44

-plantar flexion
-knee flexion

Front 45

Function of the Anterior Compartment

Back 45

Dorsiflexion

Front 46

Muslces of the Anterior Compartment

Back 46

-Tibialis Anterior
-Extensor Digitorum Longus
-Extensor Hallucis Longus
-Fibularis Tertius

Front 47

Nerves of the Anterior Compartment

Back 47

Deep branch of fibular nerve

Front 48

Function of the Lateral Compartment

Back 48

Eversion

Front 49

Muscles of the Lateral Compartment

Back 49

Fibularis Longus and Brevis

Front 50

Nerves of the Lateral Compartment

Back 50

Superficial Fibular Nerve

Front 51

Function of the Superficial Posterior Compartment

Back 51

Plantar Flexion

Front 52

Muscles of the Superficial Posterior Compartment

Back 52

-Gastrocnemius
-Soleus
-Plantaris

Front 53

Nerves of Superficial Posterior Compartment

Back 53

None

Front 54

Function of the Deep Posterior Compartment

Back 54

Inversion

Front 55

Muscles of the Deep Posterior Compartment

Back 55

-Tibalis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
-Flexor Hallucis Longus

Front 56

Nerves of the Deep Posterior Compartment

Back 56

-Tibial Nerve

Front 57

Compartment Syndrome

Back 57

Increased pressure within one of the four leg compartments

Front 58

Acute Compartment syndrome

Back 58

-occurs due to direct trauma
-medical emergency

Front 59

Chronic compartment syndrome

Back 59

symptoms occur with activities always around the same time/distance

Front 60

Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome

Back 60

-deep and throbbing pain, localized in the involved compartment
-numbness if pressure is large enough to compress nerve

Front 61

Achilles Tendinopathy

Back 61

-pain and stiffness in middle of Achilles
-palpable nodule on tendon
-usually no inflammation
-failed response to healing/ degeneration of tendon
-overuse injury

Front 62

Components involved in Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Back 62

Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibial nerve, tibial artery, tibial vein

Front 63

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Back 63

-Area behind the medial malleolus
-pain and parenthesis along the medial and plantar foot
-muscle weakness
-compression of the structures inside the tunnel

Front 64

Plantar fasciitis

Back 64

-irritation of the plantar fascia
-pain at the insertion of the plantar fascia on the lower part of the calcaneus
-pain is worse in the morning and subsides after a few steps

Front 65

Innominate (coxal) bone

Back 65

union of the ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 66

Factors affecting the shape and configuration of the proximal femur

Back 66

-bone's ossification centres
-force of muscle contraction
-weight bearing
-blood circulation

Front 67

Femoral dysplasia

Back 67

-abnormal growth and development resulting in misshaped proximal femur

Front 68

Angle of Inclination

Back 68

-angle in the frontal plane between the neck of the femur and the medial side of the femoral shaft
-normal angle allows optimal contact of articular surfaces

Front 69

Angle of inclination at birth

Back 69

140-150

Front 70

Angle of inclination in adults

Back 70

125 degrees

Front 71

Coxa Vara

Back 71

angle markedly less than 125 degrees

Front 72

Coxa Valga

Back 72

angles markedly above 125 degrees

Front 73

Femoral torsion

Back 73

-angle between the head of the femur relative to the femoral condyle
-allows optimal alignment of the articular surfaces

Front 74

Normal anteversion

Back 74

-head of the femur is rotated 15 degrees anterior relative to the condyle

Front 75

Excessive anteversion

Back 75

-Markedly more than 15 degrees
-in children, it brings the child to walk with toes pointed inward

Front 76

Retroversion

Back 76

markedly less than 15 degrees

Front 77

Femoral torsion at birth

Back 77

40 degrees

Front 78

Acetabular labrum

Back 78

-labrum of the hip is a flexible ring of fibrocartilage which surrounds the outer circumference of the acetabulum
-increases stability of hip
-poor blood supply to the area
-rich in afferent nerve (proprioception, pain sensation)

Front 79

Injury and degeneration of the labrum

Back 79

-may be acute but often overuse
-tear usually located anterior/superior portion of the labrum

Front 80

Symptoms of injury and degeneration of the labrum of the hip

Back 80

-often asymptomatic, but may click, lock
-limited range in motion
-pain in the groin and anterior part of the hip
-difficult to diagnose clinically

Front 81

Ligaments reinforcing the articular capsule

Back 81

-Iliofemoral
-pubeform
-ischiofemoral

Front 82

Sagittal plane rotation

Back 82

-slack iliofemoral ligament

Front 83

Frontal plane rotation

Back 83

Front 84

horizontal plane rotation

Back 84

Front 85

Anterior/exterior pelvic tilt

Back 85

Front 86

Anterior and medial muscles that originate on pelvis or spine

Back 86

-Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)
-sartorius
-tenor fascia latae

Front 87

Psoas Major

Back 87

-attaches to lesser trochanter
-flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh

Front 88

Iliacus

Back 88

-attaches to lesser trochanter
-flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh

Front 89

Sartorius

Back 89

-flexion, abduction, lateral rotation of hip
-flexion of knee

Front 90

Tensor fasciae latae

Back 90

-flexion, medial rotation, abduction of the thigh
-stabilizes trunk

Front 91

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Back 91

-adductor magnus
-adductor longus
-adductor brevis
-pectineus
-gracilis

Front 92

Adductor magnus

Back 92

-adduction and flexion of hip

Front 93

Adductor longus

Back 93

--adduction and flexion of the hip

Front 94

Adductor brevis

Back 94

-adduction of the hip

Front 95

Pectineus

Back 95

-adduction and flexion of the hip

Front 96

Gracilis

Back 96

-these are the groin muscles that people claim to have pulled
-most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh
-flexion, medial rotation, adduction of the hip
-flexion of knee

Front 97

Gluteal muscles

Back 97

-gluteus maximus
-gluteus medius
-gluteus minimus

Front 98

Gluteus maximus

Back 98

-external rotation and extension
-

Front 99

Gluteus medius

Back 99

-hip abduction
-resists hip adduction

Front 100

Gluteus minimus

Back 100

-attaches to greater trochanter
-abduction of the hip
-prevents hip adduction

Front 101

Lateral rotators

Back 101

-piriformis
-obturator externus
-obturator internus
-gemellus
-quadratus femoris

Front 102

Piriformis

Back 102

-greater trochanter
-external rotation of the thigh

Front 103

Gemellus inferior

Back 103

-attaches to ischial tuberosity
-lateral rotation of thigh

Front 104

Gemellus superior

Back 104

-lateral rotation of the thigh

Front 105

Quadratus femoris

Back 105

-attaches at ischial tuberosity
-lateral rotation and adduction of the thigh

Front 106

Obturator internus

Back 106

-attaches to greater trochanter
-abduction and external rotation of the thigh
-stabilizes hip

Front 107

Obturator externus

Back 107

-attaches to greater trochanter
-adduction and lateral rotation of the thigh

Front 108

Muscles of posterior compartment

Back 108

-hamstring (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosis)

Front 109

Long head of the biceps femoris

Back 109

-attaches to ischial tuberosity and head of the fibula
-extension of hip
-flexion and lateral rotation of knee
Muscles of posterior compartment

Front 110

Short head of biceps femoris

Back 110

-attaches at head of the fibula
-extension of hip
-flexion and lateral rotation of knee
Muscles of posterior compartment

Front 111

Semimembranosus

Back 111

-attaches at ischial tuberosity
-extension of the hip
-flexion of the knee
Muscles of posterior compartment

Front 112

Semitendinosus

Back 112

-attaches to ischial tuberosity
-knee flexion
-hip extension
Muscles of posterior compartment

Front 113

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Back 113

-quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

Front 114

rectus femoris

Back 114

-knee extension
-hip flexion
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Front 115

vastus intermedius

Back 115

-knee extension
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Front 116

Vastus lateralis

Back 116

-attaches to greater trochanter
-extends and stabilizes knee
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Front 117

Vastus medialis

Back 117

-knee extension
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Front 118

Primary hip flexors

Back 118

-iliopsoas
-sartorius
-tensor fasciae latae
-rectus femoris
-adductor longus
-pectineus

Front 119

Secondary hip flexors

Back 119

-adductor brevis
-gracilis
-anterior part of gluteus minimus

Front 120

Rectus abdominus as stabilizer

Back 120

-prevents anterior tilt caused by the inferior pull of the hip flexor muscles
-when its activation is reduced, contraction of the hip flexor muscles causes an anterior tilt of the pelvis

Front 121

Primary hip extensors

Back 121

-gluteus maximus
-hamstring (except short head of the biceps)
-posterior head of adductor magnus

Front 122

Secondary extensors of the hip

Back 122

-posterior part of gluteus medius
-anterior head of adductor magnus

Front 123

Primary adductors of the hip

Back 123

-pectineus
-adductor longus
-gracilis
-adductor brevis
-addcutor magnus

Front 124

Secondary adductors of the hip

Back 124

-biceps femoris
-gluteus maximus
-quadratus femoris

Front 125

Primary hip abductors

Back 125

-gluteus medius
-gluteus minimus
-tensor fasciae latae

Front 126

Secondary hip abductors

Back 126

-piriformis
-sartorius

Front 127

Primary internal rotators of the hip

Back 127

-none in the anatomical position

Front 128

Secondary internal rotators of the hip

Back 128

-anterior part of gluteus medius and minimus
-tensor fasciaea latae
-adductor longus
-adductor brevis
-pectineus

Front 129

Primary external rotators of the hip

Back 129

-gluteus maximus
-piriformis
-gemellus inferor
-quadratus femoris
-obturator internus

Front 130

Secondary external rotators of the hip

Back 130

-posterior part of gluteus medius
-posterior part of gluteus minimus
-obturator externus
-sartorius
-long head of biceps femoris

Front 131

Causes of hip abductor weakness

Back 131

-neurological disorders
-arthritis
-post-surgery
-chronic hip injury
-postural change

Front 132

Trendelenburg's Sign

Back 132

Front 133

Hip fractures

Back 133

-95% as a result of a fall

Front 134

Mortality rate after hip fracture (within 1 year)

Back 134

12-25%

Front 135

Osteoarthritis of the hip (description)

Back 135

-deterioration of articular cartilage
-decreased joint space
-sclerosis of the subchondral bone
-presence of osteophytes

Front 136

Osteoarthritis of the hip (symptoms)

Back 136

-atrophy and weakness of hip muscles
-stiffness in the morning
-altered gait

Front 137

Hip dysplasia

Back 137

-abnormal development of the hip
-can cause dislocation or subluxation of the hip in newborns
-can be undiagnosed in children for months
-can lead to premature osteoarthritis

Front 138

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head (etiology)

Back 138

-results from temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to the proximal femur
-can be caused by traumatic conditions such as hip dislocation, fracture, etc.; or by non-traumatic circumstances such as steroids, abnormal blood clotting, excessive alcohol consumption

Front 139

AVN (signs and symptoms)

Back 139

-usually none in early stages
-joint pain during weight bearing that progresses to pain during rest
-pain gradually increases as bone begins to collapse
-may have decreased range of motion
-can lead to osteoarthritis

Front 140

AVN (management)

Back 140

-diagnosed via radiology/ MRI/ CT
work to improve the use of the joint, but prevent further damage
-usually surgical

Front 141

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (etiology)

Back 141

-AVN of the femoral head in children 4-10 years
-caused by trauma in 25% of cases
-articular cartilage becomes necrotic and flattens

Front 142

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (signs and symptoms)

Back 142

-pain in groin, which can radiate to abdomen or knee
-limping
-possible limited range of motion

Front 143

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (management)

Back 143

-bed rest to alleviate synovitis
-supports to avoid direct weight bearing
-with early treatment, it is possible for the femoral head to re-ossify and revascularize

Front 144

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (complications)

Back 144

-if not treated quickly, femoral head may be deformed and osteoarthritis may develop later in life

Front 145

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (etiology)

Back 145

-found mainly in boys aged 10-17
-may be linked to GH
-occurs in both hips in 25% of cases
-25% caused by trauma

Front 146

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (signs and symptoms

Back 146

-pain in the groin, which progresses over weeks and months
-pain in hip and knee during passive and active movements
-limited abduction, flexion, and internal rotation
-limping

Front 147

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (management)

Back 147

-bed res in the case of minor displacement
-surgery in the case of major displacement
-if not detected or surgery doesn't help, severe problems can develop

Front 148

Snapping hip (etiology)

Back 148

-common in young dancers, gymnasts, hurdlers
-movements predispose muscles around hip to become unbalanced
-torn cartliage or labrum
-ex. IT-band moving over gerater trochanter; iliopsoas moving over iliopectineal eminence

Front 149

Snapping hip (symptoms)

Back 149

-popping sound, with or without pain

Front 150

snapping hip (management)

Back 150

-reduce pain and inflammation
-correction of biomechanical problems

Front 151

Osteitis pubis (eiology)

Back 151

-distance runners, soccer, football, wrestling
-repetitive stress of pubic symphysis and to the muscles that attach near it

Front 152

Osteitis pubis (symptoms)

Back 152

-chronic pain and inflammation of the groin
-sensitivity at the pubic tubercle
-pain during running, sit ups, and squates

Front 153

Osteitis pubis (management)

Back 153

-rest and gradual return to activity

Front 154

How many of the muscles that cross the knee will also cross the hip or ankle?

Back 154

2/3

Front 155

How is knee stability provided?

Back 155

By the soft tissues, and NOT the configuration of the bones

Front 156

Patella

Back 156

Front 157

Genu valgum

Back 157

-angle between the femur and the tibia
-normally 170-175 degrees
-femur sits at125 degree angle to the longitudinal axis of rotation

Front 158

Excessive genu valgum

Back 158

"knock-knee"
<165 degrees

Front 159

genu varum

Back 159

"bow-leg"
>180 degrees

Front 160

Gastrocnemius

Back 160

-knee flexion

Front 161

Muscles responsible for flexion and internal rotation of the knee

Back 161

Sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, semimembranosus and semitendinosus, biceps femoris

Front 162

Quadriceps

Back 162

-extension of the knee

Front 163

Miniscus

Back 163

-reduces compressive forces (ex. between tibia and femur)
-stabilize joint during movements, lubricate joint cartilage, help guide joint movements
-avascular inner part (receive blood peripherally)
-reduce the pressure on articular cartliage in the knee

Front 164

Meniscus tear

Back 164

-compressive forces in knee can reach 2.5-3 times the body weight of a person when walking
-torn miniscus significantly increases the pressure on the articular cartliage and thus produces premature osteoarthritis

Front 165

Meniscus tear (knee)

Back 165

-occurs due to forced rotation with flexed foot and knee planted
-most often in medial

Front 166

Types of meniscal tears

Back 166

Front 167

Deep structures of the knee

Back 167

Menisci, ACL, LCL, PCL, PML

Front 168

Medial collateral ligament

Back 168

-resists valgus forces
-resits knee extension
-resists extreme rotation of the knee

Front 169

Sprain of the medial collateral ligament

Back 169

-occurs due to valgus force with the foot planted (hyperextension of the knee)

Front 170

Lateral collateral ligament

Back 170

-resists varus forces
-resists knee extension
-resists extreme knee rotation

Front 171

Sprain of the lateral collateral ligament

Back 171

-occurs due to varus force with the foot planted (hyperextension of the knee)

Front 172

Function of ACL and PCL

Back 172

-multiple plane stability of the knee, mostly in the sagittal plane
-guide the natural arthrokinematics, espeically those related to the restraint of sliding the tibia and the femur
-contributes to knee proprioception

Front 173

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Back 173

-tension and orientation changes when the knee flexes/ extends
-tension is larger in full extension
-multidirectional stability due to oblique orientation
-resists anterior translation of the tibia

Front 174

ACL and quads

Back 174

-quads= antagonist of ACL
-contraction in a straight knee puts tension on ACL fibers

Front 175

Drawer test

Back 175

-hcp sits on the person's foot and pulls the tibia either anteriorly or posteriorly
-excessive anterior movement points to torn ACL
-excessive posterior movement points to torn PCL

Front 176

Mechanism of ACL injury

Back 176

-torn the most often
-will result in secondary injury to other tissues
-occurs due to change of direction, deceleration (knee vlagus/varus, internal/external rotation, anterior knee shear)
-30% due to contact
-women more at risk

Front 177

Sports with common ACL sprains/ tears

Back 177

-football
-westling
-hockey
-soccer
-basketball

Front 178

Risk factors for ACL tears in non-contact sports

Back 178

-women land with more pronounced valgus angle and knee extension than men
-decreased strength or muscle control of knee
-decreased strength or muscle control of abductor muscles and external rotators of the hip

Front 179

Prevention of ACL tears

Back 179

-pre-season fitness
-proprioception exercises
-plyometrics
-exercises for lower back and ab muscles
-stretching for shot/ tight muscles
-endurance training for hips

Front 180

ACL surgery

Back 180

-focus post-op on increasing strength and control of quads (undergo inhibition, atrophy, and weakness after injury) and the pattern of activaiton of other muscles that allow knee movement
-avoid exercises with full extension of the knee in early rehab
-encourage closed chain exercises

Front 181

ACL strain

Back 181

increases when the line of action of the quads is opposite to that of the ACL
-is proportional to the amount of force produced by the quads
-less tension is produced when the hamstrings also contract

Front 182

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Back 182

-thicker than the ACL
-tension increases during flexion

Front 183

Mechanism of PCL injury

Back 183

-occur due to large force of impact OR falling on the flexed knee

Front 184

Patella

Back 184

-increases the distance between the femur and quads, which increases the internal lever arm
-this means that the quads don't have to produce as much force in order to match the external resistance

Front 185

Two factors affecting the patellofemoral compressive force

Back 185

-force generated by the quads
-angle of knee flexion

Front 186

Patellofemoral syndrome

Back 186

-misalignment of the patella
-can be treated in different ways

Front 187

Osgod-Schlatter disease

Back 187

-apophysitis occurs at the tibial tuberosity
-repeated avulsion of the patellar tendon
-cartilaginous initially, then cllus develops (enlargement of the tibial
usually resolved by the age of 18

Front 188

Larsen-Johansson disease

Back 188

-similar to Osgood-Scholatter but located on the apex of the patella

Front 189

Patellar tendinopathy

Back 189

-degenerative process at the patella tendon caused by repeated movement
-pain and tenderness directly on the patellar tendon

Front 190

treatment of patellar tendinopathy

Back 190

eccentric loading of the quad
-isolate the tendon by placing th patient on an inclined plane

Front 191

Iliotibial band syndrome

Back 191

-muscle imbalance of the hips, pronation
-irritation of iliotibial band in the region of the lateral femoral condyle
-lateral knee pain

Front 192

Pes Anserinus syndrome

Back 192

-muscle imbalance in the hips, pronation, other causes
-irritation of the Pes Anserinus area causes pain

Front 193

Shoulder

Back 193

-very unstable
-muscles are necessary for stability

Front 194

Ligaments and muscles that attach to the Coracoid Process

Back 194

Front 195

Muscles that attach to the lesser tubercle

Back 195

Subscapularis

Front 196

Muscles that attach to the greater tubercle

Back 196

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, pectoralis major

Front 197

Angle of inclination between the shaft and head of the humerus in the frontal plane

Back 197

135 degrees

Front 198

Retroversion of the humeral head relative to the distal humerus

Back 198

30 degrees

Front 199

Joints of the shoulder complex

Back 199

-glenohumeral
-scapulothoracic
-acromioclavicular
-sternoclavicular

Front 200

Movements of the scapulothoracic joint

Back 200

Front 201

Ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint

Back 201

Front 202

Movement of the sternoclavicular joint

Back 202

Front 203

Ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint

Back 203

Front 204

Which ligament is the first to be sprained in the acromioclavicular joint?

Back 204

Acromioclavicular ligament

Front 205

What movement would cause the conoid and trapezoid ligaments to be down?

Back 205

Pushing down on the scapula at the acromion

Front 206

Why won't the coracoacromial ligament get sprained?

Back 206

Because the coracoid process moves along with the acromion.

Front 207

Grade 2 or 3 sprain of the acromioclavicular joint

Back 207

-the clavicle is being pushed up, or the acromion is being pushed down
-visible bump above the shoulder

Front 208

Elevation of scapulothoracic joint

Back 208

Combination of elevation at the sternoclavicular joint and downward rotation at the acromioclavicular joint

Front 209

Pronation of scapulothoracic joint

Back 209

Combination of protraction at the sternoclavicular joint and slight internal rotation at the acromioclavicular joint

Front 210

Upward rotation of the scapulothoracic joint

Back 210

Combination of elevation of the sternoclavicular joint and upward rotation of the acromioclavicular joint

Front 211

Glenohumeral joint

Back 211

Front 212

Joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint

Back 212

-very loose therefore allows a great range of motion
-in anatomical position, the inferior portion appears slackened or redundant, called the axillary pouch
-reinforced by thicker external ligaments

Front 213

Stability to the glenohumeral joint

Back 213

-coracohumeral and capsular ligaments
-rotator cuff and long head of the biceps

Front 214

Rotator cuff

Back 214

-supraspinatus
-infraspinaturs
-teres minor
-subscapularis
-protects and stabilizes the glenohumeral by preventing the humerus from sliding forward

Front 215

Long head of the biceps

Back 215

-restricts anterior translation of the humeral head

Front 216

Subacromial space

Back 216

-1cm in height
-supraspinatus
-subacromial bursa
-long head of the biceps
-part of the superior capsule of the glenohumeral joint
-improper posture decreases the subacromial space
-head of the humerus has to slide inferiorly during rotation so as to not completely impinge on it

Front 217

Subacromial impingement syndrome

Back 217

-caused by decreased height under the acromion
-shoulder pain that is aggravated by repetitive overhead activities
-pain in anterior and superior part of the shoulder
-pain esp. at night

Front 218

Treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome

Back 218

-modification of sport or work
-rest
-treatment of tendinosis and muscles
-stretching of short muscles
-stabilisation of scapula with exercises
-better overall posture

Front 219

Tendinosis

Back 219

-occurs when scar tissue doesn't specialize to become muscle or tendon tissue
-chronic injuries
(step 1- inflammation; step 2- scar tissue; step 3- scar tissue becomes muscle or tendon)

Front 220

Scapulohumeral rhythm

Back 220

-2:1 (double the amount of motion that happens at the glenohumeral vs. scapulothoracic)
-after 30 deg. of abduction
-for every 3 deg. of abduction of the shoulder, there are 2 deg. of rotation of the glenohumeral joint and 1 degree of superior rotation of the scapulothoracic joint

Front 221

Levator Scapula

Back 221

-elevation of the scapula

Front 222

Rhomboid major and minor

Back 222

-retraction and rotation of the scapula

Front 223

Trapezius

Back 223

-elevation and superior rotation of the scapula

Front 224

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 224

-attaches from T6 down to sacrum and front of shoulder in between two tubercles
-internal rotation, extension, and adduction of glenohumeral joint

Front 225

Pectoralis major

Back 225

-attaches to greater tubercle
-internal rotation, extension, and adduction of glenohumeral joint

Front 226

Pectoralis minor

Back 226

-attaches to coracoid process
-protraction, depression, and inferior rotation of the scapula

Front 227

Subclavius

Back 227

-depression of the scapula
-protects sternoclavicular joint
-so small that it doesn't really affect much

Front 228

Serratus Anterior

Back 228

-main protractor of the scapula
-very important muscle in terms of shoulder rehab

Front 229

Deltoid

Back 229

anterior part: internal rotation, flexion, abduction of the glenohumeral joint
posterior part: extension and adduction of the glenohumeral joint

Front 230

Coracobrachialis

Back 230

-attaches to coracoid process
-flexion of glenohumeral joint

Front 231

Biceps brachii

Back 231

-short head attaches to coracoid process
-short head: flexion of glenohumeral joint
-long head: flexion of glenohumeral joint

Front 232

Supraspinatus

Back 232

-rotator cuff muscle
-attaches to greater tubercle
-flexion and abduction of the scapula

Front 233

Infraspinatus

Back 233

-rotator cuff muscle
-attaches to greater tubercle
-external rotation

Front 234

Teres minor

Back 234

-rotator cuff muscle
-attaches to greater tubercle
-lateral rotation
-sits right above trees major

Front 235

Teres major

Back 235

-NOT a rotator cuff muscle
-attaches to lesser tubercle
-extension and adduction of glenohumeral joint

Front 236

Subscapularis

Back 236

-rotator cuff muscle
-attaches to lesser tubercle

Front 237

Triceps Brachii

Back 237

-extension and adduction of glenohumeral joint

Front 238

Ahesive capsulitis acute phase

Back 238

-aka frozen shoulder
-patient usually >40
-moderate pain that limits movements in all direction
-no trauma
-interferes with sleep

Front 239

Adhesive capsulitis post-acute phase

Back 239

-1-3 months after
-pain and range of motion are decreased

Front 240

Adhesive capsulitis chronic phase

Back 240

-rang of motion returns slowly

Front 241

Labral tears

Back 241

-deep, sharp pain in the front of the shoulder
-symptoms are usually vague and hard to locate
-surgery is common

Front 242

Anterior/inferior dislocation of the shoulder

Back 242

-most common dislocation
-usually due to forced abduction, external rotation and extension that focus the humeral head out of the glenoid cavity
-acromion is prominent and the head of the humerus is in an anterior/inferior location
-may fracture the greater tuberosity and affect the nerves

Front 243

Scapular Dyskinesis (etiology)

Back 243

-abnormal movement of the scapula due to repetitive use
(SICK)
-Scapular malposition
-Inferior medial scapular winging
-Coracoid tenderness
-Kinesis abnormalities of the scapula

Front 244

Scapular Dyskinesis (Symptoms)

Back 244

-holds the affected shoulder lower and rotated forward (slouched)
-inferior medial border of the scapula tends to be prominent
-decreases height of subacromial space

Front 245

Scapular Dyskinesis (muscles affected)

Back 245

-short: pec major an minor
-inhibited: serratus anterior, interior trapezius

Front 246

Upper cross syndrome (short muscles)

Back 246

-pec major and minor
-levator scapulae
-suboccipitals
-upper trapezius
-sternocleidomastoid
-latissimus dorsi

Front 247

Upper cross syndrome (inhibited muscles)

Back 247

-middle and inferior trapezius
-deep neck flexors
-serratus anterior
-rhoimboids

Front 248

Scapulothoracic Elevators

Back 248

-upper trapezius
-levator scapula
-rhomboids

Front 249

scapulothoracic depressors

Back 249

-lower trapezius
-latissimus dorsi
-pectoralis minor
-subclavius

Front 250

Scapulothoracic retractors

Back 250

-middle trapezius
-rhomboids
-lower trapezius

Front 251

Scapulothoracic protractor

Back 251

-serratus anterior

Front 252

Scapulothoracic upwards rotators

Back 252

-serratus anterior
-upper and lower trapezius

Front 253

Scapulothoracic downward rotators

Back 253

-rhomboids
-pec minor

Front 254

Muscles responsible for raising the arm

Back 254

Glenohumeral muscles:
-Anterior and Middle Deltoid
-Supraspinatus
-Coracobrachialis
-Biceps (long head)
Scapulothoracic muscles:
-Serratus Anterior
-Trapezius
Rotator Cuff:
-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres Minor
-Subscapularis

Front 255

Adduction and extension of the shoulder

Back 255

-posterior deltoid
-latissimus dorsi
-teres major
-triceps
-pec major
-rhomboids

Front 256

Internal rotators of the shoulder

Back 256

-subscapularis
-anterior deltoid
-pec major
-latissimus dorsi
-teres major

Front 257

External rotators of the shoulder

Back 257

-infraspinatus
-teres minor
-posterior deltoid