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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Goals
Central to an understanding of human behavior because they energize action and provide meaning, direction, and purpose to life activities.

Help explain the "whys" of action.
Intrinsic Goals
Defined by their connection to important psychological needs that are assumed to make their pursuit and fulfillment inherently satisfying.

Include self acceptance, affiliation, community feeling, physical health, and safety.
Extrinsic Goals
Express desires for external rewards or praise and admiration from others and are assumed to be less inherently or deeply satisfying when pursued or attained.

Include financial success, image, popularity, and conformity.
Matching Hypothesis
Suggests that the degree of person-goal fit determines the effect of goal progress and goal achievement on well being.
Introjected Motives
Involve negative emotions we may experience if we don't try to attain certain goals.
Identified Motives
Involve valuing a goal because of its personal importance, though people may sometimes come to value a goal because of the influence on others.
Intrinsic Motives
Involve emotional pleasure and enjoyment derived from pursuing a goal.

Are most autonomous and self- concordant.
External Motives
Refers to the rewards, approval, praise, or situational demands that explain why we strive for a goal.

Are the most controlled and least self-concordant.
Terror Management Theory
Describe how fear of death motivates attempts to restore a sense of safety and security.
Self Control
Refer to peoples ability to initiate and guide their actions toward the achievement of a desired future goal.
Delay Gratification
Children were given the option of getting one marshmallow now or two when they researcher returned from running an errand.

Most children took the two marshmallow option.
Approach Goals
Positive outcomes that people hope to move toward, or maintain.

Functions as a positive standard and self-regulation is oriented toward "reducing" the discrepancy between this standard and the current state.
Avoidance Goals
Negative outcomes that people hope to avoid, or prevent.

Functions as a negative standard and self-regulation is oriented toward "increasing" the discrepancy with the current state.
Traits
Internal dispositions that color how we see and interpret the world.

Influences the meanings we give to life events, the choices we make, the goals we select, and the actions we take.
Temperament
Refers to a genetically-determined physiological disposition to respond to the environment in a stable and typical manner.
Positive Affectivity
Trait difference in peoples characteristic emotional experience

Have frequent and intense experiences of pleasant, enjoyable moods and are generally cheerful, enthusiastic, and confident about their lives.
Negative Affectivity
Trait difference in peoples characteristic emotional experience

Have more frequent emotional episodes involving feelings of anger, sadness, distress, guilt, and fear.
Behavioral Activation System
Responsive to environmental cues that signal opportunities for rewards, non-punishment, and escape.

Incentive- sensitive system

Related to positive affect
Behavioral Inhibition System
Responsive to cue signaling punishment and non reward.

Threat sensitive system

Related to negative affect
Self Esteem
Refers to the evaluative component of self concept. Is the feeling of self worth and value that results when the self judges itself.
Positive Illusions
Everyone has four of these.
1.) Self serving view of themselves as better than average compared to other people.
2.) People are unrealistically optimistic and see a rosy future.
3.) Most of us exaggerate the amount of control we have over our lives.
4.) People often show a self serving bias in attributing their failures to external circumstances.
Sociometer Theory
Takes an evolutionary perspective, arguing that the purpose of self esteem is to monitor social inclusion and exclusion.
Diener and Fujita
Study of resources and personal strivings among college students.

Found that the effect of resources on well-being depended on their congruence with personal goals.

Resources measured in the study included skills and abilities, personal traits, social support, and material resources.

Did not matter how many resources a student had but whether those resources supported the goals they were trying to accomplish.
Kasser and Ryan
In three different studies involving nearly 500 young adults, found a consistent inverse relationship between financial aspirations and well-being.

In other words placing high priority on financial success was related to lower well-being.

Key variable is the dominance of financial aspirations over other life goals, not financial aspirations per se.
Wolfe and Johnson
A study of 200 college students examined the predictive power of high school grades, SAT scores, and 32 different personality variables including self control.

High school grades were the top predictor of college success. Self control was the second highest predictor followed by SAT scores.

Suggest that the assessment of self control might be a valuable addition to college admission procedures.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
Physiological Needs
Safety & Security
Belongingness
Self-esteem
Cognitive
Aesthetic
Transcendence
Self-actualized & fully functioning individual

PSBSCATS
Big Five Personality Traits
Extraversion vs. introversion - strong connection to SWB

Neuroticism vs. emotional stability - strong to SWB

Agreeableness vs. antagonism - less connection

Conscientiousnes vs. undirectedness - less

Openness to experience vs. non-openness - somewhat