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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is positive psychology? |
is a branch of psychology that uses the scientific method, covers a variety of topics (positive experiences, traits, positive relationships and positive institutions) and it is going from a neutral place and moving forward, being better, being more (fulfilled), improve normal lives, focus is on personal growth |
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what are some historical theories/components of positive psychology? |
- Rogers' fully functioning person - Maslow's self-actualization - humanistic tradition - elements from Hinduism and Buddhism (love, kindness, compassion and joy) |
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what are some positive psychology challenges? |
- concepts are "fuzzy" - young area of psychology - trait and state - not the same thing! - pleasure vs. enjoyment |
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what is a trait? |
a general way of being |
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what is a state? |
a momentary experience (ex: laughing after a joke does not equate to you having a long lasting happiness) |
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what is pleasure? |
the relief experienced due to a deficit (ex: eating when hungry) |
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what is enjoyment? |
the positive feelings following an event that stretches an individual (stimulating conversation, after going to the gym) |
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most positive psychology exercises and activities are based on what? |
empirical research |
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what are emotions? |
short term and personally meaningful, distinct categories like fear |
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what is mood? |
no known cause, more enduring compared to emotion |
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what is affect? |
when you reflect, or your subjective version of what you're feeling, more general than emotion (ex: "how are you feeling" you reflect on your feeling and your answer is affect |
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as researchers in positive psychology, what do we end up researching, emotions, mood or affect? |
affect |
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what are the two main differences that we think of for affect? |
either negative or positive (pleasant, valence), and either low or high arousal (activation of cortisol) |
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what are the benefits of positive emotions? |
- creativity and problem solving - socialization - approach-oriented behaviours - living longer |
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what study proves that positive emotions help you live longer? |
Nun study |
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explain how socialization is a benefit of positive emotions |
if you're in a positive mood you are more likely to socialize, and socializing does lead to positive emotions (works both ways) |
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explain how approach-oriented behaviours are a benefit of positive emotions |
if you're in a good mood you are more likely to get up and do something you've been dreading |
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what are the two purposes of basic (discrete) emotions? |
action tendencies and evolutionarily advantageous |
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what are action tendencies? |
makes your physiological body change somehow ready for what the emotion is (ex: fear, heart starts to beat) |
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are there more positive discrete emotions or negative discrete emotions? |
more negative discrete emotions |
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which are less distinct, positive discrete emotions and negative discrete emotions? |
positive discrete emotions |
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according to the broaden and build theory, positive emotions broaden our attention and thinking. What kinds of things are we more likely to do? |
be creative, see more opportunities, open to relationships with others, play |
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what are all the factors of positive emotions according to the broaden-and-build theory (Barbara Fredrickson)? |
1. broaden (vs. narrow) though action repertoire 2. undo negative emotions 3. enhance resilience 4. build psychological repertoire 5. trigger upward developments spiral |
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according to the broaden-and-build theory, what are some examples of things that enhance resilience and ability to cope? |
enjoyment, satisfaction, love/affection,etc. |
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positive emotions are not immediate but more long term, true or false? |
true |
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according to Waugh $ Fredrickson (2006) in the broaden-and-build research, what did they mean when they said there was self-other overlap? |
those who reported being happier said they thought of their roommate similar to them |
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what is the ratio? |
3:1 of positive versus negative emotions |
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who created the original concept of the ratio? |
Fredrickson and Losado |
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what is Losado's math behind the 3:1 ratio? |
used formulas from fluid dynamics (point to which water turned to ice), and non-linear equations |
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what is the importance of negative emotions (textbook)? |
- can help initiate fundamental personality changes (may require a trauma, personal crisis) - they bring us to out depth and put us in touch with our deeper selves - they can facilitate learning, understanding of ourselves and knowledge of the world - experiencing and coping with negative affect can have positive social consequences, such as modesty, moral considerations, care and empathy |
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what is EQ? |
emotional intelligence |
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what are the four branches of EQ? |
1. perceiving emotions 2. using emotions to facilitate thinking 3. understanding emotions 4. managing emotions |
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explain the own-race bias elimination (Johnson and Fredrickson) |
tested in many cultures, they present many images of people and you say whether you've seen these faces or not (some new some are the same), basically people are way better at recognizing faces they've seen before if it is their own race |
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in the own-race bias, what makes you just as good at recognizing people of other races as your own? |
if you're happy/in a good mood the own-race bias effect goes away |
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what is hedonia? |
pleasure, enjoyment |
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what is eudaimonia? |
growth, authenticity, values and morals, whether people are functioning to the best of their abilities |
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is SWB relatively stable over time? |
yes |
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what does BIS stand for? |
behaviour inhibition system |
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BIS is linked with what personality trait? |
neuroticism |
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describe BIS |
mechanism on the left prefrontal cortex, it is the tendency to not go forward with things because of the negatives that could happen (like a red light to stop) |
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BIS has a sensitivity to what kind of stimuli? |
negative stimuli |
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where are the smile reflexes on your face? |
by your eyes |
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what does it mean to be emotionally stable? |
don't worry about much, very little negative |
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when hooked up to electrodes and shown images, what did they find in people with a lot of BIS? |
they show a sharper reaction around the muscles under your mouth when you frown, happens faster and way stronger to negative stimuli |
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when hooked up to electrodes and shown images, what happened to highly neurotic people who were shown negative images? |
they say they are even worse after the study even if they didn't see the images |
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what are some characteristics of a neurotic person? |
check details, worry more, more likely to procrastinate, report more negative emotions |
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what does BAS stand for? |
behaviour activation system |
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what is BAS? |
positive stimuli, green light go, agree to do anything |
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what is the worst combination of personality traits? |
highly introverted and highly neurotic |
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(textbook) today, happiness as a concept seems to be more readily embraced by most people and appears to be more valued than what? |
- the pursuit of money - moral goodness - going to heaven |
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(textbook) what are the several reasons why the field of well-being is flourishing at the moment? |
- Western countries have achieved sufficient level of affluence, so that survival is no longer a central factor in people's lives, QoL is becoming more important than matters of economic prosperity - personal happiness is becoming more important because of growth trends towards individualism - a number of valid and reliable measures have developed, allowing the study of well-being to establish itself as a serious and recognized discipline |
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why is it good to be happy? |
- positive affect and well-being lead to sociability, better health, success, self-regulation and helping behaviour - stimulates playing with new ideas, happy people persist longer at a task that is not very enjoyable in itself, better at multitasking and more systematic and attentive - experimental studies demonstrate that happens even protects us from the common cold |
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(textbook) Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman believes in the objective assessment of happiness, which could be gathered from what? |
averaged out multiple assessments of people's moods over a period of time |
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according to the textbook, how is SWB represented? |
- satisfaction with life + affect - first cognitive part of SWB is expressed by life satisfaction (one is satisfied when there is little or no discrepancy between the present and what is thought to be an ideal or deserved situation) - dissatisfaction is a result of a substantial discrepancy between present conditions and the ideal standard (it can also be a result of comparing oneself with others) - affect represents the emotional side of SWB |
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(textbook) what is the zero-sum theory? |
happiness is cyclical and that happy and unhappy periods follow each other, any attempt to increase happiness will soon be nullified by a consequent unhappy period |
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what is the hedonic treadmill? |
theory that predicts that although happiness reacts to negative and positive life events, it returns to baseline shortly afterwards |
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(textbook) explain Seligman's happiness formula |
H = S + C + V H - happiness S - set range (genetically determined level of happiness) C = circumstances V = the factors under voluntary control |
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what is amotivation? |
lack of motivation |
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what is extrinsic motivation? |
purpose of why you're doing something is to do an external thing such as, pleasing parents, getting better grades in order to get a scholarship |
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what is intrinsic motivation? |
internal motivation, for your own purpose (ex: take courses for your own interest) |
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what is self-determination theory? |
a way of differentiating types of motivation |
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what are the types of motivation in self-determination theory? |
amotivation, extrinsic motivation, external motivation |
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what is external regulation? |
very extrinsic, if you're doing something for the money and the money is taken away then you don't do it |
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what is introjected regulation? |
primarily for external, but there is some inherent reward reward or value for it |
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what is integrated regulation? |
most internal, that purpose you've integrated into your internal being, ex: "I am a student" (can start as external and turn to integrated) |
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what were the results for the $5 or $20 experiment? |
smaller amount spent on someone else made them feel the best |
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what are the 3 needs of the self-determination theory? |
relatedness, competency (see difference) and autonomy (choice) |
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what is religion? |
and organized system |
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what is spirituality? |
believing in something but not taking part in doing anything |
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what is the religion paradox? |
in economically developed nations, people are rapidly leaving organized religions, way less people join than in non economically developed places, and when people move from a location that is underdeveloped to a location that is developed, they seem to lose or leave their religion |
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where does the origin of the terms optimism and pessimism come from? |
cognitive psychology (how it is that people think/process by default when exposed to info, if it is a neutral image and negative thoughts come to mine, chances are you're pessimistic) |
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what is the pollyanna principle? |
if you don't think about things your unconscious removes negative and enhances positive (ex: child labour doesn't seem as painful/less issues) |
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what is selective attention? |
anything negative going on, your brain is naturally attuned to focus on |
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is it possible to be both optimistic and pessimistic? |
yes (in different spheres such as school vs. family) |
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what kind of people think they are more likely to win the lottery and bad things are less likely to happen? |
optimistic people |
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what are the benefits of optimism? |
mood, morale, problem solving, academic performance, athletic, health, longevity |
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what are the costs of optimism? |
health and health behaviour (ex: sobriety/smoking), don't believe anything bad is going to happen to them |
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what are the theories of optimism? |
little vs big, explanatory style, dispositional |
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what is the little versus big theory of optimism? |
big is easy to conceptualize, most people go through life with general optimistic big picture, more likely to be religious if you're optimistic, optimistic about the little things day to day, little or big |
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what is the explanatory style of optimism? |
- contrast between how people explain things (events, how it's different if you're optimistic/pessimistic and if the event is good or bad - harder to change way of thinking, more about the little things - external, unstable, specific (pessimism) |
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what is the dispositional theory of optimism? |
- natural inherent trait like behaviour/component as to why we are pessimists or optimists - pessimists more likely to give up quicker - when goal is long term optimists perform better |
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why invented flow? |
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi |
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what is flow? |
match of challenge and skill at moderate or higher levels |
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low skill + low challenge = what concerning flow? |
apathy |
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what are the necessary components of flow? |
- clarity of goals and immediate feedback on progress - complete concentration - actions and awareness are merged - losing awareness of oneself or self-consciousness - sense of control - transformation of time - activities are intrinsically rewarding |
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what is autotelic? |
self-rewarding |
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does hedonic happiness have lots of BIS or BAS? |
lots of BAS, very little BIS |
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what personality trait is linked to hedonic happiness and which is not? |
extraversion linked, neuroticism not linked |
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what is Fleeson & Wilts experiment on authenticity? |
had people describe who they were in terms of personality characteristics and congruent/incongruent, think back on experiences and how they felt, tracked feelings afterwards Then they would ping them all the time and make them do things and ask them how they felt |
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what were the results of Fleeson & Wilts experiment on authenticity? |
everyone said they were more authentic when they acted like their personality characteristic (ex: when introverts acted introverted) BUT in the second part, everyone said they felt more authentic when they were more agreeable, extraverted, less neurotic etc., regardless of their personal character trait |
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victory is a part of what type of happiness? |
eudaimonic happiness |
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SWB and SWL are what types of happiness? |
hedonic |
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PWB is what kind of happiness? |
eudaimonic happiness |
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what are the components of PWB? |
- self-acceptance - purpose in life - positive relations with others - environmental mastery (making situation so that you can get something out of it, not controlling it though) - autonomy |
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what are the components of personal growth? |
- challenge - stress - emotional control - delay of gratification - grit |
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what are the components of grit? |
- model grit (talk about mistakes and perserverance) - practice learning (not grading) - authentic products - ongoing revision and reflection (deliberate practice, pushing yourself) - celebrate success |
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what is PERMA? |
positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishments - new, mixes eudaimonic and hedonic |
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what is authentic happiness? |
distinguishes between pleasant life/good life (engagement/flow), and the meaningful life (strengths) |