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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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assumption of positive psychology
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human goodness and excellence are as authentic as disease and disorder
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why is positive psychology not the same as humanism
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humanists (and existentialists) suggest important to see how an individual sees the world - also similar to phenomenology
2 reasons - good and bad are genuine (humanists assume good) and positive psychology committed to scientific method - humanists more skeptical of science |
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goals of positive psychology
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description and explanation rather than prescription - positive traits and experience should be studied, as with enablers
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positive psychology is not humanism
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humanists - needs and values of individuals more important than material things - billiard balls
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psychologists who believed in self-actualization?
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Maslow and Rogers - people strive to make the most of their potential
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Maslow and Rogers self-actualization
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people strive to make most of their potential
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existentialism
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person's experience is primary
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existentialists
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people are the products of their choices - experience is primary
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authentic happiness is more than...
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positive feeling
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humanists and existentialists both agree
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significance of individual, complex, capacity for change, conscious experience is important, self-regulatory activity of humans
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3 pillars of positive psychology
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positive subjective experiences, positive individual traits, positive institutions
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phenomenology
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describes person' conscious experience in terms meaningful for that individual
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positive psychology techniques
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gratitude letter, orientation to welfare of others, gift of time, be a good teammate, be nice
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why positive psych differs from humanism
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regards good and bad of life as genuine (humanists believe good), committed to the scientific method
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endowment efect
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tendency to like objects given to us, even if we didn't value them in the first place
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3 pillars of positive psychology
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positive subjetive experiences (happiness, pleasure, gratification, fulfillment), positive indiivdual traits (character, talents, interests, values), positive institutes (families, schools, business, communities)
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adaptation to pleasure
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feel less pleasure after repeated exposure (hedonic treadmill)
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humanists
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eneds and values of people take precedence over material world - people can't be studied as part of material world
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Fredrickson's broaden and build theory
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draw explicit attention to the positive and showing that insights results when looking more than at the absence of negative
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Meehl's hedonic capacity - positive affectivity
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ability to experience positive feelings (it's heritable)
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flow Csikszentmihalyi
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when time passes quickly for an engaged individual - attention focused on the activity itself
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savoring
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awareness of pleasure and deliberate attempt to make it last
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strategies to notice the good:
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share with others, memory building (take mental photographs, physical souvenir), self-congratulation, sharpening perceptions, absorption
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comfort
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positive subjective experience more conspicuous in its absence than its presence
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duration neglect
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tendency in people thinking about an emotional event to overlook how long it lasts
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emotion
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psychological state defined by suject feelinsg but also physiological arousal, thoughts, behaviors
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intrinsic motivation
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undertaking activities because of their own appeal and not because of external rewards or punishments
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mere exposure effect
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tendency to like objects to which we are frequently exposed, even if it takes place subliminally
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mood
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general emotional state of a person
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peak-end theory
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how emotional experiences are remembered, as a joint function of greatest intensity and how they end
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pleasure
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positive subjective experience
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positive affectivity
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extent to which an individual habitually experiences positive moods like joy, interest, and alertness
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hedonism
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maximizing happiness and minimizing pain - laid groundwork for utilitarianism (hume and bentham) - flow and hedonism can be incompatible
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eudaimonia
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Aristotle - being true to one's inner self
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how does flow differ from hedonism?
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not all flow producing activities are meaningful or connecting to a greater good - and not all meaningful activities involve the total absorption that defines flow
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experience sampling method
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devices - answer a questionnaire when beeped
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desire theory
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happiness is getting what you want
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Objective list theory (Nussbaum, Sen)
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happiness entails achieving some of these freedom from disease, material comfort, career, friendships, children, education, knowledge, etc
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quality of life
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includes positive emotions, experiences, appraisals, expectations, accomplishments
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subjective well being
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more specific - high levels of positive affect
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life satisfaction
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overall judgement that life is a good one
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well being judgements affected by...
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comparisons, how feeling at the moment
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happiness and domain-specific measures
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work, family, leisure, mental and psychological health etc.
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happiness - Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, Schakade
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= set point + life circumstances + volitional activity
figure out what defines a good day and do more of these things |
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correlation coefficient
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quantitative index of the degree to which 2 variables if graphed, fall along a straight line
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depressive realism
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theory proposing that depressed people see the world more accurately
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hard diagnostic test
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foolproof measure, like for a disease
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internal consistency or reliability
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degree to which different measures of the same notion yield answers that agree
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set point
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for happiness - genetically determined level of haippiness, to which one returns after positive or negative emotional experiences
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stability (test-retest reliability)
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degree to which a measure administered at different points in time yields answers that agree
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third variables
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unmeasured factors that produce apparent bu spurious associations between two variables
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validity
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degree to which a measure actually ascertains what it purports to measure
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victory
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winning at whatever matters most
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cognitive psychology
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how people acquire, retain, transform, and use knowledge
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Pollyanna principle - matlin and stang
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pervasive positive selectivity in thought
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Ornstein consciousness
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front page of the mind
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charles peirce - appeasement of doubt...
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motive for thought
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freud's position on optimism
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optimism is widespread but illusory - conflict between instincts and socialization
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Greenwald likened human nature to...
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a totalitarian regime - self as an organization of knowledge about one's history and dientity
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Tiger
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biology of hope - optimism in the biology of our species
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dispositional optimism - Scheier Carver
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global expecation that good things will be plentiful in the future and bad things scarce - how people pursue goals - life orientation test
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explanatory style
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how one explains the causes of bad events - emerged from the learned helplessness model
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CAVE
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content analysis procedure
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agency
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someone's determination that goals can be achieved
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pathways
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individual's belief that successful plans can be generated to reach goals
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little optimism
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specific expectations about positive outcomes
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big optimism
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larger and less-specific expectations
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John Henryism
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control all events with hard work and determination
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cognition
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throughts of which we are aware at any moment as well as all of the processes that underlie our thoughts
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cognitive psychology
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studies how people acquire, retain, transform, and use knowledge
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consciousness
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awareness of one's environment and mental life - sensations, perceptions, needs, emotions, thoughts
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hope
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determination that goals can be achieved coupled with beliefs that successful plans can be generated to reach goals
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optimism
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mood or attitude associated with expectation of a desirable or pleasurable future
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taxonomy
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deep theory that explains relationships among different instances
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VIA classification of character strengths and virtues
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Strengths of wisdom and knowledge, strengths of courage, strengths of humanity, strengths of justice, strengths of temperance
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character strengths
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positive traits, individual differences such as curiosity, kindness, and gratitude
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circumplex model
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concepts around a circle according to their reative similarity or dissimilarity
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signature strengths
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positive strengths that a person owns, celebrates, and frequently exercises
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strengths content analysis
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identifying the 24 strengths in the VIA classification (24)
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temperance
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protection from excess
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transcendence
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positive traits that allow individuals to forge connections to a larger university and providing meaning to lives
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paradox of choice - Schwartz
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more choices - more way-ifs (maximizers, satisficers)
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values
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ideals that people endorse - not attitudes; what is morally desirable
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ceiling effect
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endorsement of values bunches up at the higher end of a rating scale - hard to distinguish between them
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terminal values
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beliefs about ideal states of existence - like comfortable or exciting life, sense of accomplishment, world of beauty, family security, etc.
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Allport's 6 values:
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theoretical, economic, aesthetic, political (power, influence), social, religious
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survival values
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values at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy
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self-expressive values
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top of Maslow's hierarchy
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Bok's values
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positive duties of care and reciprocity, negative inunctions against violence, deceit, betrayal, norms for fairness and procedural justice
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ipsative score
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position of each value held by the individual relative to other values
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10 universal values
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achievement, benevolence, conformity, hedonism, power, security, self-direction, stimulation, tradition, universalism - tradeoffs
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Trade-offs of Value
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self-transcendence and self-enhancement
openness to change and conservation |
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modeling
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emulating what influential others say and do
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values clarification
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people may need help recognizing the values they already hold
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value confrontation
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rank their values which are told back to them
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convenience sample
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sample of research participants chosen because they are available
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generational replacement
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changes in society over time as young people come of age under different circumstances than their parents or grandparents
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hierarchy of needs
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arrangement of human motives into a hierarchy reflecting the order that people attend to them
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instrumental value
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belief about ideal moes of conduct that aid and abet terminal values
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need
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biological motive that moves us to behave in ways to satisfy it - hunger
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norm
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shared belief that one should act in a certain way in a certain circumstance
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representative sample
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sample resembles larger population
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self-expressive values
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values corrresponding to one's need to express talents, capacities, potentialities
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survival values
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values corresponding to one's pressing biological needs
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traits
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disposition to think, feel, act in a certain way
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value self-confrontation
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strategy of changing values by exposing them to contradiction among one's value priorities
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World Values Survey
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project that assesses values of people all over the world
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positive psych and interests, abilities, accomplishments
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interests, passions are important to mood
people are motivated to behave in a competent way regardless of what they are doing |
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Aristotelian Principle
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people enjoy the exercise of their realized capacities - enjoyment increases the more the capacity is realized or the greater its capacity
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relationship between leisure and life satisfaction
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more time devoted to leisure activities, the greater life satisfaction
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6 Types Work Interest (Holland)
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realistic types (manipulation objects, tool, animals), investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
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general intelligence or g
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factor common to all instance of skilled performance
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specific intelligence or s
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intelligences that affect performance on a specific test
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multiple intelligences - Howard Gardner
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linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily, personal, social
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Gardner's 4 ways to be extraordinary
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master of a domain, maker of a new field, introspector (inner life), influencer (Gandhi)
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assessent in context
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eval of an individual's abilities in course of their everyday activities
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genus
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person whose accomplisments exert profound influence on current and subsequent generations
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Erikson's psychosocial stages
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trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs self dout, initiative vs guilt, competence vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, ego integrity vs despair
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defense mechanism
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unconcsiou strategy to protect selevs against threat
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emotion-focused coping
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reaction to stress that entails changing one's emotional reaction
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mind body dualism
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Descartes - minds and bodies are separate
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problem focused coping
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reaction to stress entails meeting stressful event head on and removing its effects
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psychosocial stages
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periods of life characterized by specific social milestones to be achieved
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Harlow's monkeys
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need social interaction, physical contact - better after placed with normally socially raised monkeys
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equity theory
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close relationships persist when they are getting out what they put into - goods, information, love, money, status etc - if one mismatched in one area (e.g looks), then compensated in other like status - fails because ignores feelings
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attachment theory Bowlby - children in orphanages and need for emotional bonds
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children need to be attached to caregiver, not just supplied with physical needs
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Strange situation test - one year olds, used to assess other ofacts that influence attachment
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avoidant children, securely attached children keep contact with mother, ambivalent
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more securely attached children are...
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exploratory, persistent at solving problems, seek comfort when frustrated - later associated with life satisfaction and emotional well-being
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affiliation - who do we like?
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proximity (near), similarity, complementary (satisfy our needs), high ability, attractive, reciprocity
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4 ways of responding to partners' news
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active-constructive (enthusiastic), active-destructive (points downside), passive constructive (muted), passive destructive (disinterest)
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aggregation
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assembly of individuals physically in the same place
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collectivity
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social category
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group
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interacting idndividuals that may influence each other
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organization
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enduring and structured group
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typology of work meaning
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alienated (not central to life), economic (money and security), duty (societal obligation), balanced
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gravitas
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sense of importance of the matter at hand
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extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity
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extrinsic - means to an end
intrinsic - religion as an end in itself |
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common institutional virtues
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purpose, safety, fairness, humanity, dignity
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authoritarian parenting
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childrearing style - firm, punitive, emotionally cold
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authoritative
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childrearing - negotiating with kids, setting limits and explaining why
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permissive parenting
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childrearing style that is loving but lax, freedom but little guidance
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spirituality
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includes religious experience, but also one's compassionate experience of nature or humanity
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natural history of the good life?
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more positive affect than negative, more satisfaction with life as it is lived, hope for the future, gratitude about the past, identification of what one does well, use of talents and strengths in engaging and fulfilling pursuits, close relationships with others, meaningful participation in groups and organizations
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