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210 Cards in this Set
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constituency
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Members of the district from which the official is elected
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delegate
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A representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency
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trustee
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A representative who votes based on what she thinks is best for his or her constituency
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agency representation
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The type of representation by which representatives are held accountable to their constituents if they fail to represent them properly
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bicameralism
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division of a legislative body into two houses, chambers or branches
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incumbency
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Holding a political office for which one is running
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Casework
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Congress tries to gain the trust of constituents by providing them with personal service
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Patronage
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The resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favor supporters
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pork-barrel legislation
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Appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win reelection in their home districts
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gerrymandering
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Apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give an unfair advantage to one political party
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incumbency
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Holding a political office for which one is running
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Casework
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Congress tries to gain the trust of constituents by providing them with personal service
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pork-barrel legislation
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Appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win reelection in their home districts
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gerrymandering
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Apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give an unfair advantage to one political party
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incumbency
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Holding a political office for which one is running
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Casework
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Congress tries to gain the trust of constituents by providing them with personal service
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Party caucus, party conference
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A normally closed meeting of a political legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters
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Speaker of the House
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The chief presiding officer of the House of reps. elected at the beginning of every congress on straight party vote
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Majority leader
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The elected leader of the party holding a majority of the seats in the house of representatives or in the senate. In the house the this person subordinate to the speaker
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Minority leader
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the elected leader of the party holding less than a majority seat
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Standing committee
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A permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or appropriations
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Seniority
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Priority or status ranking granted to an individual on basis of the length of continuous service in a committee congress
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closed rule
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Provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate
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open rule
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Provision by the house rules committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill
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Filibuster
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A tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down. Once given the floor senators have unlimited time to speak and require a 60 percent vote to end this
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cloture
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Rule allowing a supermajority of the members in a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a given bill
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conference committee
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A joint committee created to work out a compromise on house and senate versions of a piece of legislation
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veto
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the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of congress. This may be overridden by a 2/3rds vote of each house of congress
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Pocket veto
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legislation wherein a president takes no formal action on a bill if congress adjourns within ten days of passing a bill and the president does not sign it this happens
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party vote
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A roll-call vote in which at least 50 % of the members of one party take a position and are opposed by at least 50% of the members of the other party. these are rare today
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roll-call vote
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A vote in which each legislators yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically
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Whip system
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primarily a communications network in each house of congress, take polls of the membership in order to learn their intentions on specific legislative issues and to assist the majority and minority leaders in various tasks
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Logrolling
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A legislative practice whereby reciprocal agreements are made between legislatures, usually in voting for or against a bill. in contrast to bargaining, parties to do that do this have nothing in common but their desire to exchange support
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oversight
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The effort by congress through hearings, investigations, and other techniques to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies
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Appropriations
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In statutes (bills), the amounts of money approved by congress that each unit or agency of government can spend
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executive agreement
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Agreement between the president and another country which has the force of a treaty but does not require the senates "advice and consent"
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impeachment
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The charging of a government official with "treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors" and bring him before congress to determine guilt
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distributive tendency
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The tendency of congress to spread the benefits of a bill over a wide range of members districts
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Expressed power of the president
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Specific powers granted to the president under article II sections 2 and 3 of the constitution
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delegated powers
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Constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but that are not exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first
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inherent powers
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powers claimed by the president that are not expressed in the constitution but are inferred from it
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commander in chief
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The position of the president as commander of the military and the state national guard units (when they are called to service)
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War powers resolution 1973
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A resolution of congress that the president can send troops into action only by authorization of congress or if american troops are already under attack or serious threat
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executive privilege
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The claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president
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line-item veto
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power that allows a governor (or president) to strike out specific provisions of bills that the legislature passes. Without this they must accept/reject the entire bill
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legislative initiative
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the presidents inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before congress
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legislative initiative
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The president's inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before congress
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executive order
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A rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation
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cabinet
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The secretaries, or chief administrators of the major departments of the federal government. Appointed by the president with the consent of the senate
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National Security Council (NSC)
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A presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president; the vice president; the secretaries of state, defense and treasury; the attorney general; and other officials invited by the president. The has a staff of foreign policy specialists
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Permanent campaign
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Description of presidential politics in which all presidential actions are taken with re-election in mind
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signing statement
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An announcement made by the president when signing a bill into law, often presenting the president's interpretation of the law
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bureaucracy
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the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel
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implementation
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the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic routines
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clientele agency
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Department or bureau of government whose mission is to promote, serve, or represent a particular interest
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Regulatory agency
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A department, bureau or independent agency whose primary mission is to impose limits, restrictions. or other obligations on the conduct of individuals or companies in the private sector
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Administrative legislation
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Rules made by regulatory agencies and commissions
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Federal Reserve System (The fed)
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Consisting of twelve federal reserve banks, an agency that facilitates exchanges of cash, and credit; it regulates member banks, and it uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation
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bureaucratic drift
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the oft-observed phenomenon of bureaucratic implementation that produces policy more to the liking of the bureaucracy than to the original intention of the legislation that created it, but without triggering a political reaction from elected officials
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oversight
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the effort by congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies
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deregulation
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A policy of reducing or eliminating regulatory restraints in the conduct of individuals or private institutions
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devolution
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A policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government such as national to state
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privatization
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Removing all or part of a program from the public sector to the private sector
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criminal law
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The branch of law that deals with disputes or actions involving criminal penalties. Regulates conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and provides punishment
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Plaintiff
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the individual or organization that brings a complaint into a court
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defendant
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The individual or organization against which a complaint is brought in criminal or civil cases
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civil law
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A system or jurisprudence, including private law and government actions, to settle disputes that do not involve criminal penalties
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precedent
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A prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decisions in a present case
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Stare decisis
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Literally "let the decision stand" A previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled
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public law
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Cases in private law, civil law, or criminal law in which one party to the dispute argues that a license is unfair, law is inequitable , or or unconstitutional, or an agency has acted unfairly, violated procedure or gone beyond its jurisdiction
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trial court
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The first court to hear a criminal or civil case
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Court of appeals
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A court that hears the appeals of trial court decisions
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supreme court
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the highest court in a particular state or in the United States. This court primarily serves an appellate function
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Jurisdiction
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the authority of a court to consider a case initially. Distinguished from an appellate jurisdiction which is the authority to hear appeals from lower court's decision
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due process
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to proceed according to law and with adequate protection for individual rights
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habeas corpus
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A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. this is guaranteed by the Constitution and can only be suspended in case of rebellion or invasion
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chief justice
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justice on the Supreme Court who presides over the Court's public sessions
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senatorial courtesy
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The practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, will seek approval of the nomination from the senator who represents the candidates state
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judicial review
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Power of the courts to declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional
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supremacy clause
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Article VI of the constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme laws of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision
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standing
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the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case
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mootness
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A criterion used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution
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writ of centiorari
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A decision of at least four of the nine judges to review a decision of the lower court; from Latin "to make more certain."
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solicitor general
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The top government lawyer in all cases before the appellate courts to which the government is a party
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amicus curiae
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Literally "friend of the court"; individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the court in reaching a decision and presenting additional briefs
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brief
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A written document in which attorneys explain why a court should rule in favor of their client
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oral argument
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oral presentations to a court made by attorneys for both sides in a dispute
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opinion
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The written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case
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Judicial restraint
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Judicial deference to the views of legislatures and adherences to strict jurisdictional standards
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Judicial activism
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Proclivity of a court to select cases because of their importance to society rather than adhering to legal standards of jurisdiction
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class action suit
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A lawsuit in which large numbers of persons with common interests join together under a representative party to bring or defend a lawsuit, such as hundreds of workers together suing a company
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free riding
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enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the cost
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public good
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A good that 1) may be enjoyed by anyone if it is provided 2) may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided
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politics
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The conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of a government
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institutions
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The rules and procedures that guide political behavior
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nation-state
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A political entity consisting of a people with some common cultural experience (nation), who also share a common political authority (state), recognized by other sovereignties
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representative democracy
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A system of government that provides the populace with the opportunity to make the government responsive to its views through selection of representatives who, in turn , play a significant role in governmental decision making
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principal-agent relationship
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The relationship between a principal and his or her agent; this relationship may be affected by the fact that each is motivated by self-interest
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autocracy
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a form of government in which a single ruler-- monarch or dictator-- rules
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oligarchy
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A form of government in which a small group--landowners, military officers, or wealthy merchants-- control most governing decisions
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democracy
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a system of rule that permits citizens to plat a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials
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constitutional government
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A system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government
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authoritarian government
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A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may, nevertheless, be restrained by the power of other social institutions
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totalitarian government
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a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limit on power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it
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coercion
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Forcing a person to do something by threats or pressure
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Singer (Bureaucracy)
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Bush was "MBA" president
a lot of appointees to the bureaucracy streamlined bureaucracy |
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Lewis
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In early system you didnt remove previous presidents appointees
Jackson creates "spoils system" - positions are removed from previous presidents Pendelton act- exams make sure you're qualified for job - if party changes wont lose job If bureaucracy ran with public administration principles it would run well but t doesnt because of politicization |
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Hamilton (judiciary)
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-least dangerous branch
- indirect appointment -people have no say - elected for life no influenced by whims of the time - precedence will make them not make arbitrary decisions |
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Scalia
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- don't want to be too reliant on precedence or common law
- not textualist but believes that laws should not be interpreted further than what the text says not "what the legislature intended" does not believe in a "living constitution" |
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Breyer
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Living interpretation of the constitution
evolving times call for liberal interpretation of constitution |
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Binder & Maltzman
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Judicial nomination time
Process takes much longer because of politicization Advice & consent Senate is doing less advising because president knows the way congress will feel |
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Carp et. al. (judiciary)
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Differences in presidential appointments
- Presidential support for ideologically based appointments Some presidents do not use ideology to make appointments, Bush does Number of vacancies to be filled The more judges a president can elect the greater impact he can have on the judiciary New judges must respect the climate of the current judiciary or they risk being overturned by a higher court traditional vs non-traditional white male vs minority/women |
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Smith ( Congress)
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polarization
70's decline in intermediate/independent voting roe v wade awoke dormant christian group leading to polarization parties more polarized= leaders more partisan polarization in house streamlined sped up legislation committee on rules can adopt resolutions to limit amendments speaker can choose which legislation is important and then call for closed rule so that the minority party has no chance in senate it causes stalemate as minority party filibusters until majority backs down |
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Judiciary act of 1789
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federalist wanted stronger court anti federalist wanted weaker court
set up court system Supreme court 3 circuit courts district courts Federal marshalls US attorneys US attorney general problem of circuit courts judges had to "ride circuit" literally ride around the country to hear appeals remoteness |
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contemporary court structure
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Trial level: original jurisdiction
1) district courts 91 courts 3 territorial 632 judges 2) Appellate courts courts of appeal 179 judges 11 districts & dc 3) Supreme court 1 chief justice 8 associate justices |
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Judicial appointment
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candidates
white house attorney general members of congress interest groups screening formal qualifications informal qualifications |
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judicial nominations
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presidential choice
trail balloons so and so is rumored to be the nomination submission Pulling nomination |
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Advice and Consent
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hearings
can be nasty if other party is in charge confirmation |
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removal
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judges stay based on "good behavior"
impeachment/conviction (18/6) judicial conduct & disability 1980--> formal complaints |
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original jurisdiction of supreme court
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a conflict between two states
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appeals as a right
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mandated by law that you get to appeal to the supreme court
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appeals for writ of centiorari
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supreme court decides to hear your case
paid cases informa pauperis --> no $ |
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routes to supreme court
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federal, state
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decision to hear a case
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4 justices must decide
"rule of four" |
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interpretations of constitution
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intention of framers
meaning of words logical reasoning experiential approach -living constitution |
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Supreme court decision process
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submission of briefs and amicus curiae briefs
oral argument conference, discuss & vote assign majority opinion drafting and circulating opinions |
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cases the court does not do
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advisory opinions
"friendly" suits test cases |
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writs
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injunctions--> dont do this
orders--> do this |
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contempt
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civil/coercive: refusal to obey court
criminal/punitive: completed act -something youve done to piss off the court |
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cases & controversies
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1) adverse parties
2) substantial legal interest 3) real sets of facts 4) enforceable specific relief |
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subject matter by which to rule
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1) constitution
2) US law 3) admiralty & maritime 4) treaties |
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National security act of 1947
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Department of Defense
Created CIA Independent of executive office |
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US can use force to ensure security
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Formosa Resolution 1955
Middle East Resolution 1957 Tonkin Gulf resolution 1964 |
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Trade Expansion act 1962
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50% GATT reductions
president could reduce any tariff by half multilateral trading and security regulations |
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chief budget officer 1921
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president becomes this and must present a budget every year
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chief trade officer
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president becomes this 1934
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chief administration officer 1939
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cainsian economics government using taxing & spending to manage economy
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Chief fiscal officer 1946
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President is in charge of managing fiscal policy
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War powers resolution 1973
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limited the time a president could be in war
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Budget and impoundment control act 1974
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Nixon was impounding money and not spending it where it was supposed to be
congress would propose its own budget they would then take the best of both budgets |
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The Liberal imperative
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You'll get no military funding with a liberal president as if the president has that power
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cowboy diplomacy
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Bush's tactic of oversimplification
does not mean that he can easily implement any legislation |
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Budget and accounting act of 1921
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Annual budget message
establishes bureau of the budget (treasury) The president must send a budget message to congress each year before this congress had no specific budget |
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Charles Dawes: Central clearance
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Any department that wanted money or a new program they would propose it to the bureau of the budget and it would be approved by the president
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Speaker Cannon
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1923 republican speaker with lots of power
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president of senate
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Vice president
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president pro tempore
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vice predsident was replaced by this position given to the most senior member of the majority party in the senate
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responsibilities of the speaker
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scheduling--> when and how a bill comes in
vote counting parties leader within the organization controls rules committee |
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Floor leaders
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responsible for scheduling
emerged in 1899H/1911 S |
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chair
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person you have to go through in the house and senate to address anyone
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informal party
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chowder and marching society
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formal parties
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black member caucus
caucus for womens issues |
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informal coalitions
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conservative coalition, gypsy moths, boll weevils
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formal coalitions
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Northeast-midwest coalition
democratic study group blue dogs |
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universalistic voting
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republicans and democrats vote alike
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ideological voting
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vote based on values of area i.e. southern congressmen vote alike
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partisan voting
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republicans vote with republicans and democrats w/ democrats
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ad hoc panels
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temporary panels
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second reading
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bills die in committee with absence of this
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committee jurisdiction
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was never established initially, committee just kept adding this more this meant more money
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guaranteed referral
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House rule 10
senate rule 25 anything within a committees jurisdiction had to be referred to them house "shall report", senate "leave to report" |
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property right norm
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you wanna stay on the same committee because it deals with your constituents
unwritten rule that if you're on a committee and you get reelected you get to stay on that committee |
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seniority norm
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unwritten rule that once assigned to a committee you are listed by your seniority
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seniority norm
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unwritten rule that once assigned to a committee you are listed by your seniority
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armed services committee
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largest house committee with 62 members
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armed services committee
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largest house committee with 62 members
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non-legislative committee, joint or select committee
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committee without jurisdiction
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select committee
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committee without jurisdiction
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permanent committees
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standing committees and subcommittees
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permanent committees
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standing committees and subcommittees
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joint committees
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permanent but without jurisdiction
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joint committees
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permanent but without jurisdiction
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select committees
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are not permanent but sometimes have legislative authority
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special committees
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have no jurisdiction and are not permanent
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informal issue leaders
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People who are 'known' to be experts in certain areas
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informal coalition leader
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if they are the head of a given coalition
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formal committee leaders
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committee chairs/ranking minority members
subcomittee chairs/ranking minority members |
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joint select committee on deficit reduction
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called the "supercommittee"
house sits on right senate on left and it goes democrat, republican, democrat |
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joint committee
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permanent committees composed of both the house and senate
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budget control act 2011
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must complete its work no later than Nov 23rd
cannot be filibustered, or amended grab bag of things which congress has previously passed created "joint select committee on deficit reduction" need to come up with 1.5 trillion in savings over the next 10 years if not budget will be cut across the board |
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institutions
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The rules and procedures that guide political behavior
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institutions
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structures and procedures adopted by groups of individuals to achieve collective action goals or solve collective action problems
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formal institutions
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an example would be the joint committee because it is written into the constitution
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structures or procedures of institution
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must be sticky, functional and rational
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sticky
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once you adopt rules it is hard to get rid of them
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functional
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produce some organization or collective good
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sources
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speaker, president pro tempore, president
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statutory institutions
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Departments and department secretaries
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Administrative institutions
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White house staff and office
congressional officers |
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Moe (bureaucracy)
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structure of bureaucracy
highly politicized - because political actors in system want to use this to their ends presidency like heirarchy of presidency congress wants particularized control supportive intrest groups want the bureaucracy to be objective and politically immune |
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Lewis (bureaucracy)
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1787-1829
"local Gentlemen" 1829- reconstruction - to the victor goes the spoils 1880's - civil service -Pendelton act begins progressive era merit and qualifications required Ways president tries to control bureaucrats - replacement-- move to another job - politically appoint - transfer not demote them - reorganize |
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Singer (bureaucracy)
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Bush whitehouse
- took control of agency regulation - centrally clear regulation -centralized rule making |
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Hamilton, Federalist #78
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judiciary branch is the "least dangerous branch"
- no legitimate force - no tax or spending - must cooperate in order to ensure force - judicial review |
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Binder & Maltzman
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forces behind appointment politics
presidential forces -popularity -political capitol temporal forces - cyclical (harder in election years) institutional forces - judiciary committee - filibuster |
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Smith (congress)
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polarized
-partisanship in the polity - parties more unified and less like each other - most liberal republican is to the right of the most conservative democrat - gridlock/observation Senate -filibustering -minority law obstruct business of majority house - house majority shits on minority |
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filibuster
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explanation of procedures to block vote
to break you must break cloture (60 votes) |
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Aldrich & Rohde (congress)
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Conditional party government
- party control of congress, party leaders dominate house policy - unified when they are cohesive/distinct -strong party leaders important of majority in white house - committee assignments -chair of committee - rules in house for bills rules committee is puppet of leadership |
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Neustadt (presidency)
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Presidential weakness
- authority is less then his expectations - formal powers of president are not that great -presidential standing plays a role and the power in the title allows him to bargain -bargaining and negotiating - president cannot fire congress must deal with them - bargains with cabinet (exec) |
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Kernell (presidency)
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"going public"
appealing for public support - not bargaining instead use pressure from the public to coerce - "on the record" easier transportation TV media easier to access |
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Kernell & Baum
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Presidents try to go public but because there are too many choices on cable people who they could reach out to are watching something else
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Macur Olson (Collective action)
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self interested individuals will NOT work to adhere to group goals
Everyone benefits from public good (clean air, national security) -regardless if you contribute you get the benefit (free-rider problem) -little incentive to participate public good benefits large group Free rider problem - how to get people to participate? non-collective/selective good (i.e. AAA for drivers) -coercion/ force (takes, punishment) |
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Hardin (collective action)
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-consumption of public goods
- exploitation "tragedy of the commons" multiple individuals acting independently deplete a limited resource even though that is not in the long term of interest for this to happen Adam Smith's "invisible hand" he opposes population growth leads to scarcity of resources -population is in no way limited people are not punished for reproducing solution -mutual coercion mutually agreed upon Prisoners dilemma is why responsibility will not work |
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prisoners dilemma
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Two men are arrested, but the police do not possess enough information for a conviction. Following the separation of the two men, the police offer both a similar deal- if one testifies against his partner (defects / betrays), and the other remains silent (cooperates / assists), the betrayer goes free and the cooperator receives the full one-year sentence. If both remain silent, both are sentenced to only one month in jail for a minor charge. If each 'rats out' the other, each receives a three-month sentence. Each prisoner must choose to either betray or remain silent; the decision of each is kept quiet. What should they do?
The interesting symmetry of this problem is that the logical decision leads both to betray the other, even though their individual ‘prize’ would be greater if they cooperated. |
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tragedy of the commons
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multiple individuals acting independently deplete a limited resource even though that is not in the long term of interest for this to happen
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Putnam (collective action)
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mutual Trust
solution is capital -relationships -networking ( important form of human organization) more informal relationships outside of govt/market building trust- - build relationships through repeated contact -interact enough/behave responsible example - built moral women's groups example -civil rights movement -ministers going to church |
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GAO
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government accountability office
has the power to audit the budget |
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primary election
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the type of election that allows a party's voters to nominate candidates
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3 things the president is required to deliver to congress
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State of the union address
state of economy message national budget message |
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26th amendment
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changes voting age to 18
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take care clause
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constitution say that the president ought to take care that all laws are being executed properly
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