Polsci : 4-2

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social science which deals with systems of governance, analysis of political activity, thoughts, and behavior.

It deals with the theory and practice of politics.

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Political Science

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nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

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State

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It has 4 essential elements: (State)

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1. Population

2. Territory

3. Government

4. Sovereignty

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community of people; human political institution

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Population

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includes lands, rivers, lakes, and other land features along with the air space above the territory

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Territory

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machinery of the state which implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state. The state exercises its sovereign power through its government

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Government

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3 branches/powers of the government:

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1. Executive

2. Legislative

3. Judiciary

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formulates laws

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Legislative

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enforces and implements laws

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Executive

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applies laws & settles disputes

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Judiciary

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most exclusive element.

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Sovereignty

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Exclusive title and supreme power over all its people and territory.

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Sovereignty

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2 dimensions of sovereignty:

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1. Internal

2. External Sovereignty

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power of the state to order and regulate activities of all the people

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Internal Sovereignty

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complete independence of the state from external control. Freedom to participate in activities of the nations.

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External Sovereignty

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composed of settlements called “barangay” each of which was a state.

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Pre-Spanish

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They were ruled by datu which has executive, legislative, and judicial powers. He is usually assisted by a council of elders (maginoos) which serves as advisers.

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Pre-Spanish

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council of elders

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Maginoos

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There were 4 social stratums: (Pre spanish)

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Maharlika,

Timawa,

Aliping namamahay, and

Aliping sagigilid.

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distributes news and laws

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Umalokohan

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(captain) (spanish)

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Gobernadorcillo

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exercises executive, legislative, and judicial powers. (SPANISH)

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Governor General

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piece of land was given to encomienderos.

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Encomienda

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collects taxes and converts the people into Christians. They abused their powers thus encomienda system is dissolved.

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Encomiendero

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ended the military regime and the Civil Government was inaugurated.

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Spooner Amendment

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had legislative powers. (American)

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Civil Governor

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provided 10 years of transition from the commonwealth to indep.

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Commonwealth (Tydings-McDuffie Law)

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per hectares of land

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Titling System

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Americans placed the Philippines into civil government to teach them.

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Philippinization

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established to guide Filipino government for 10 years.

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Commonwealth constitution (1935) –

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Japanese Military Administration declared the US sovereignty terminated.

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Japanese

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composed of Filipinos that exercise both executive and legislative powers, however, were still subject to the approval of the Japanese.

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Philippine Executive Commission (Civil)

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inaugurated Jose P. Laurel as the president.

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Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines

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Hukbong Laban sa Hapon

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HUKBALAHAP

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rule of the people. System of government in which the citizens exercise power directly (through election)

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Government

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the country is considered a public matter. The primary positions of power within a republic are not inherited but are attained through elections. Such leadership positions are expected to fairly represent the citizen body

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Republic

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Legislative and Executive are closely related; Judiciary is independent.

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Parliamentary

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Headed by a Prime Minister

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Parliamentary

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The people elect the legislature which then appoints the Prime Minister. The Legislature can replace the Prime Minister, and the Prime Minister can dissolve the 3 powers of the government (E/L/J).

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Parliamentary

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acts as the Chief executive. He is responsible to the Legislature

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Prime Minister

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nominal head of state

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President

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composed of the Prime Minister and the President

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Executive Branch

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Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary bodies are independent.

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Presidential

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Headed by the President.

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Presidential

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the voters directly elect the president, thus he is responsible to the people.

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Presidential

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All government emits from the people. Legislative are elected by the people.

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Presidential

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acts as Chief Executive and Head of state

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President (presidential)

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He appoints members of the cabinet which he can replace through confirmation from the Legislative branch. Appoints the Judiciary.

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President

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is composed of the secretaries of different departments and the Vice President.

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Cabinet

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should be appointed in a secretarial position by the President to join the cabinet.

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Vice President

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the one who confirms the application and replacement of cabinet members. They are voted by the majority.

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Commission on appointment (Legislative) –

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direct involvement in political process

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Election

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Principles of the powers in Presidential: (2)

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1. Separation of power

2. Check and balance

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Power is divided

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Separation of power

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They have their own sphere of influence and checks the progress of the other houses.

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Check and balance

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composed of 1 central government that holds all power. Recently, the central delegates some of its power to local governments.

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Unitary

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Seat of the Central government

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Malacanang Palace

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delegation of responsibility, authority, and accountability

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Decentralization

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3 important components of delegation

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responsibility,

authority, and

accountability

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This is for faster development

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Decentralization

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divides power between national and local forms of government. This receives higher level of authority compared to the central. The states are almost independent.

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Federal

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can create their own laws, dependent on the needs and resources of the area

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State

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Population can be classified as: (2)

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1. Characteristics

2. Numbers

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Population (Characteristics) (2)

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1. Homogenous

2. Heterogenous

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Population (Numbers)

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1. Dense

2. Sparse