Pols Final Exam

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Conventional Partipation

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relatively routinebehavior that uses the established institutions of representative government. (i.e Voting)

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Cooperative Acitivity

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- Functional representation - represents you based onan interest you have

- Joining an interestgroup - pressure group - collection of likeminded individuals that organize for political action.

-select benefits

-40% will join interest groups

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Lobbyist

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Do political work for an interest group

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Campaign Activity (High Initiative)

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- Volunteer of Donate

- door todoor -- effective method -

the most highinitiative participation method?

- Answer:Run for office yourself 21%

PersonalContacting (High initiative) - contacting politician in their office.

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Case Work

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Put a staff person on your case to solve simple problems.

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Ankle-Biter

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Someone who goes just to complain at political meetings.

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3 reasons why Government wants you to vote

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1.) You are pacified

2.) You are giving informal consent to government

3.) If you do vote, impact is limited, giving more power to elites.

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Historical Barriers to Voting

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- Propertyqualification : Most gone by 1840

-Race : 15th amendment, other mechanisms to limit voting

-Gender : 19th amendment (1920) Some states granted women right to vote before1920

-Poll Tax : 24th amendment (federal elections only

- Harperv. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966)

-Literacy tests

-Age : 26th Amendment

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Contemporary Limitations for Voting

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-Citizenship; Noncitizens to vote in local elections

-Residence : Issue of college students

-Registration : Issue of showing a photo ID

-Felony conviction (in some states)

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Functional Representation

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Interest Groups (i.e NRA)

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Factors that make an Interest Group Powerful

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Size, Dollar, and Focus (defense or offense)

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Case Work

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If you do case workfor someone it leads to voter loyalty. Historically politicians have been happyto do it. In this age of polarization

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Unconventional Participation

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Uncommon behavior that challenges or defies establishedinstitutions or the dominant culture

-Demonstrations, strikes, sit-ins, riots, etc. -Why go the unconventional route?

-Conventional route is cut off, or ineffective

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Non-Participation

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Around 20 percent of United States

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2 Trends in Presidential and Mid-Term Elections

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1.) voter turnout isfalling. People used to vote more.

2.) Falls quite dramatically when there’s not apresident on the ballot. (vote more in presidential than mid term elections)

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Religious Identity

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In modern era,religious voters mobilized. roe v wade. Evangelical christians brought intopolitical round. George W. Bush used them to win. What sort of issues made themget involved: School prayer, abortion,

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Voting and Registration Reforms

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Election dayregistration - disputed.

Motor voter - allow you to register when you getdrivers license

Early voting - attempts to make it easier tovote.

Recently: Attempt to make it harder to vote.(Voter ID laws),

Absentee Ballot - request a ballot sent by mail(easier)

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Voter Turnout in Comparison

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We vote much less than everyone else

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Elections and Voting

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Voter Identification.Voter ID Laws way to keep poor people from voting. Vance Vikowski - we needvoter ID laws.

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Political Parties

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organized groups thatattempt to influence the government by electing their members to importantgovernment offices

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Functions of Political Parties

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- Organize thepolitical world

-Simplify complex policy debates

-Mobilize citizens to vote

-Ensure the public voice is heard

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Two Party Systems and Multi-Party Systems

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- Proportionalrepresentation. System in which seats are apportioned based on the share ofvotes a party receives

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How American Parties are Formed

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National convention> State convention > County or Local Convention - (state party doesn’ttell them what to do, autonomous)

-Decentralized. 50 state democratic parties, 50 state republican parties. Comestogether once every 4 years.

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National Convention

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- nationalinstitution that nominates the party’s presidential and vice presidentialcandidates establish party rules ratifies the parties platform.

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Platform

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a party document,written at a national convention that contains party philosophy principles, andpositions on issues

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527 Committees

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Don’t give moneydirectly to candidates. nonprofit independent groups that disperse funds toinfluence an election. Receive tax-exempt status under section 527. Can spendUNLIMITED amounts of money with no direct contact/link to the campaign.“SuperPACs” - Political action committee - purpose to raise money, give in lumpsums to a candidate

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Party "Machines" and Patronage

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people would supportparty machines because they could give people jobs. All government jobs wouldchange once power changed hands “to the victor goes the spoils”. Now we have aMERIT system.

strongparty organizations led by “bosses” who control party nominations throughpatronage, the power to control government jobs by “bosses” (19th & early20th century

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Majority Party and Minority Party

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party that holds themajority or minority of legislative seats in the House or Senate.

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Party Identification

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- an individualvoter’s psychological ties to a party

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Americans' Party Identification

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1970-2012 - Democratshave lost strength overtime, in the past 10 years democrats have held steadyand the number of republicans have declines. Independent parties at an all timehigh.

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Group Affiliations

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race or ethnicity,gender, religion, class, ideology, region, and age.

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DE alignment

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a movement away fromthe major political parties, a decline in partisan attachment.

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The Evolution of the U.S Party System

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- during the 19thcentury, the democrats and republicans emerged as the 2 dominant parties. Asthe system evolved many third parties emerged but few remained in existence forvery long.

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Electoral Realignment

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- the point inhistory when a new party overtakes the ruling party, becoming the dominantforce. (In USA, happens approx. every 30 years)

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Divided Government

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condition in Americangovernment when one party controls the presidency and the opposing partycontrols the Houses and/or Congress.

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Party Polarization

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the division betweentwo major parties on most policy issues with little compromise

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Third Parties

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smaller parties thatorganize to compete against the two major American political parties.

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Red American v. Blue America: Are we Polarized?

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americans are moderate people, not polarized.Most americans are in the middle. Many times are CHOICES are polarized in thePolls. Wilson - we ARE polarized, cultural war. John Judas - the Emergence ofthe tea party has contributed to polarization.

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General Ticket System

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Winner-takes-all format

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Problems with Electoral College System

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main one: Candidatewho loses popular vote can still become President.

System slightly benefitssmall states.

Lastly; excessive focus on swing states.

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Types of Elections

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Primary Elections (Closed and OpenPrimaries) - elections where political parties choose their candidates

- Open and Closed Primaries: (closed- have to be registered with your party)

- Runoff Primaries - Top 2 votegetters face off in a second round.

Nonpartisan- judges

Specialelections - to fill a vacancy (death)

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Majority and Plurality Systems

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Reason for districting is a Plurality system: Our members ofCongress are elected in districts

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Proportional Representation

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European places, you don't vote for a person, you votefor a party - something about lists.

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Straight-Ticket Voting

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vote all democrat, or all republican, vote entirely for yourparty.

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-Reapportionment(apportionment)

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every 10 years, House of Reps redose itself (accordingto population). Some gain house members, some lose

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Redistricting

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People move around the state, re-drawing district lines

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Gerrymandering

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illegal, drawingdistrict lines to influence swing states. when the political party inControl of the legislature during redistricting - Redraw the lines to MAXIMIZEthat parties success in obtaining more seats.

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Wesberry v. Sanders

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1. Wesberry -because of the equal protection clause, 14th amendment, dictated that whenstates redo boundaries every 10 years, these boundaries reflect one person onevote. *Each congressional district must have the same amount of people in it -about 750,000

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Reynolds v. Sims

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applied exact same concept to STATE LEGISLATIVE SEATS- party that controls the STATE LEGISLATURE Draws Gerrymandering lines

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Recall

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the removal of an electedgovernment official from office by a petition followed by voting.

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Incumbent

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The already elected official and current holder of a political position.

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How Presidential Campaigns Spend Money

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TV advertising is one of the main things, “lionshare” becauseaverage Joe doesn’t read (Romney spent more on mail than Obama) (Obama #2 onfundraising)

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The Courts and Campaign Spending

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

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- No limits on campaign spending or spending of personalmoney on one's own campaign.

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Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

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- Corporations and Labor Unions can spendindependently on campaign

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- McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)

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- No overall limit one can spendon campaigns (federal candidates and parties) - before was a $123, 200 limit.

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Partisan Loyalty (Partisanship)

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Identification orsupport of a particular party or cause.

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2012 Presidential Election Results

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Obama won the popular vote

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Consumer Confidence and Presidential Elections

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prior to 2004: If consumer confidence (index) isover 100% then the incumbent party wins reelection. CC off the charts in 2000,but democrats still lost electoral vote. 2004, 2012: CC levels below 100, theincumbent e won reelection.

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Delegate and Trustee

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What should congressmembers do when elected. Use their own brain or take a public poll.

Delegate -will vote public opinion in the district despite own opinions.

Trustee - uses brain, does what he/she thinksis best for the district. May not follow public opinion

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-Sociological v.Agency Representation

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who represents you ina district. (Steve Stivers, Rob portman, Sherid brown). Every 2 years they haveto be re elected.

Sociological representation - based ondemographics. Females not represented sociologically by male Congressman.

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Pork Barrel

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- appropriations made by legislative bodies forlocal projects that are often not needed but that are created to help localrepresentatives win re-election in their home districts

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CongressionalLeadership (House and Senate)

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House - Speaker isthe presiding officer (head)

Majority leader - second in command.

Whips - legwork

Senate - Leader= majority leader. Minority party- has some power (filibustering)

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How Bill Become a Law

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Introductory stage,Committee stage (Broken down into subject matter, most bills die here,appropriations committee = most important), Rules committee in house: Places arule on the bill. Senate doesn’t have one. Goes to floor debate: (vote on bill)following rules committee. 3/5ths can end a filibuster. Bill goes to Conferencecommittee: Sort out differences, unify bill. Then: Back to each floor - then tothe President.

-Committee Deliberation. Passes all around

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Congressional Committees

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determine if a Billbecomes a law. about 20 committees total. Each bill goes to appropriatecommittee. Most Bills die in committee

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House Rules Committee

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how a bill becomes alaw. Senate does not have won. Goes to the rules committee. Decide on the rulethat will govern the bill before it is debated on the floor. Amendments can beoffered - open rule. Not offered - closed rule. Also, say how long each memberof house can speak for.

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Power of Committee Chairs

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control agenda ofcommittee. Decide what bills get heard by the committee.

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Open Rule and Closed Rule

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- Open: opponents ofa bill prefer this. A provision by the Rules Committee which permitspotentially damaging floor debate to make it easier to add amendments that mayweaken a bill.

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Filibuster/ Cloture Vote

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a senator may speakas long as they wish, to prevent action on legislation they opposed.

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Conference Committee

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composed of the senior members of the committees orsubcommittees that initiated the bill will iron out the differences between thetwo pieces of legislation.

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Presidential Action

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- how a bill becomesa law. Becomes law within 10 days without signature. If he does veto, takes a2/3rds vote to override.

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Party Unity Vote

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vote in which half ormore of the members of one party take one position while at least half of themembers of the other party take the opposing position

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Logrolling

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legislative practicewherein agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against abill.

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Congressional Oversight

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- the effort byCongress through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercisecontrol over the activities of executive agencies.

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Appropriations

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the amounts of moneyapproved by Congress in statues (bills) that each unit or agency of governmentcan spend.

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Advice and Consent

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Special SenatePowers - two thirds of senators mustconcur for treaties, simple majority for appointments.

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Impeachment

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power of Congress.Charge of ‘treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors’.

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Congress and Pork-Barrel Politics

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chapter 5 faultlines. “Earmark” - an amendment to a bill that gives money to / spends money onone district. This is a pork barrel project.

Earmarks - Congress decides where the money isspent. (Rash and ____)

Without earmarks - executive branch decideswhere money is spent

Inhawk - argues

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Expressed Powers

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- powers granted tothe President in the Constitution. 1. Military 2. Judicial 3. Diplomatic 4.Executive 5. Legislative (page 311)

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War Powers Resolution

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over PresidentNixon’s veto. This law states that the President can send troops into actionabroad only by authorization of Congress, or if American troops are alreadyunder attack or serious threat.

*If the president moves troops around the globe- MUST inform congress within 48 hours. If they don’t approve - he must returnthem within 60 days.

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Executive Privilege

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President will appoint,remove, and supervise all executive officers and appoint all federal judges.

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Executive Order

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When congress passesa law, to implement laws passed by congress. Director -or to organize theexecutive branch. Has the force of law.

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Legislative Initiative

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the president’sinherent power to bring a legislative agenda before Congress

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The Presidential Use of a Veto

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President’sconstitutional power to turn down acts of Congress. No bill vetoed can become alaw unless both House and Senate override by a 2/3rds vote.

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Who are America's Presidents

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- white, protestant,middle aged (50s) southeastern men. LAWYERS, Virginia has had many presidents.

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Presidential Cabinet

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the traditional butinformal designation for the heads (secretaries or chief administer) of all themajor federal government departments. (kitchen cabinet - advisors to whom thepresident turns for counsel and guidance)

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National Security Cabinet

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- a body created in the US by Congress after WorldWar II to advise the president (who chairs it) on issues relating to nationalsecurity in domestic, foreign, and military policy.

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Executive Order from the President

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major part of the“institutional presidency” - the permanent agencies that perform definedmanagement tasks for the president. Created in 1939, composed of 1,500-2,000people who work for EOP agencies.

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White House Staff

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- composed mainly ofanalysts and advisors who are closest and most responsive to the president’sneeds and preferences. - president’s ‘eyes and ears’

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Vice Presidency Role

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- more importantsince the 1970s. Two purposes: to succeed the president in case of deathresignation or incapacity, and to preside over the senate, casting a tiebreaking vote.

Roosevelt’s vice president said “It is not worth, a warm bucket of piss”. Used to be a nothing job.

Most powerful vice president: Dick Cheney.

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Contemporary Basis of Presidential Power

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modern presidentshave become even more powerful through popular mobilization administration andpolitical parties.

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Going Public

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engaging in personalcampaigning for presidents to support their own behalf or to support programsand policies

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Presidential Executive Orders

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tools presidents have for influencing policy

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Signing Statement

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announcements made bythe president when signing bills into law, often presenting the Presidentsinterpretation of the law.

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Presidential Non-Enforcement of the Law

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- instrument of directpresidential governance. Congress may make a law, but the presidents canimplement or not if they don’t like it. Administrative strategies to increasepresidential powers.

-Defense of marriage act; in Obama’s first term, decided justice department wasnot going to defend challenges. Supreme court ruled it to be unconstitutional

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GOP

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Nickname for Republican Party, "Grand Ole' Party"