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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SAQ: Why do states find it difficult to cooperate over environmental issues? |
- conflict between global issue of environment and national self interest, links to tragedy of the commons -“free riders” countries want others to take action but do nothing themselves- reason for USA Kyoto drop out -whose responsibility? Developed have money but developing like China and India are the ones causing lots of pollution |
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SAQ: How and why have environmental issues created tensions between developed and developing countries? |
How- environmental degradation is a product of industrialisation so dealing with it has implications for future development -Some developed countries think developing countries are trying to avoid their responsibility to help (free riders) -some developing countries like Bangladesh and Tuvalu believe that they should be protected by developed countries as they are the worst effected by climate change |
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SAQ: What is the tragedy of the commons and explain its implications for global environmental policy |
-Idea that common resources will be over used by rational self seeking individuals -requires regulation to prevent destruction of environment- supranational law -possible need for international environmental policy to spread out the earnings of usage of global commons |
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SAQ: Distinguish, using examples between mitigation and adaptation as strategies for dealing with climate change |
-mitigation is preventing climate change whereas adaptation is learning to live with the effects of it. Fossil fuel alternatives vs improved flood defences -deep ecology supports the use of strong mitigation whereas adaptation is favoured by governments and shallow ecology -adaptation is more attractive because it requires less money and less social change |
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SAQ: Why have shallow ecology strategies tended to be adopted rather than deep ecology strategies |
-anthropocentric, humans are seen as being of primary importance therefore the environment shouldn’t be put before them - shallow ecology doesn’t need to completely alter the social systems and can be implemented into capitalist system- sustainable development - argued by some that the state is selfish and seeks what can benefit itself not the planet so will never implement deep ecology as means ruining economic model and being less rich |
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SAQ: In what sense is the environment a global issue and why is this significant |
- global because climate change will cause damage to every part of earth, interdependence -global due to the vast number of countries at international conferences -significant because requires complete international cooperation to be successful |
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SAQ: Explain the implications of sustainable development |
-development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs -implies some limits to growth to ensure long run sustainability -implies reduced use and reliance on fossil fuels -implies creating new technology or “green capitalism” to help achieve tasks more sustainably |
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ESSAY: to what extent does the environment remain a prominent issue? |
- still prominent because of the prominence of it being a global issue yet self seeking nation states polluting as it benefits them- tragedy of the commons. HOWEVER recent Paris agreement had so many signatures it could be seen as moving away from this -conflict between developed and developing countries, developed think everyone should commit but developing say it will damage growth, not resolved. However Kyoto protocol could be seen as resolving with differentiated responsibilities -Montreal conference showed successful agreement on CFCs and has proven to work, conferences are proven to work therefore can be be implemented to tackle issues. HOWEVER, an agreement on one thing, agreement on climate control in general is yet to be achieved -success in Copenhagen of sustainable development programme with aid. HOWEVER non binding and unclear makes it seem like nothing has changed |
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ESSAY: to what extent has progress on environmental policies been blocked by conflict between developed and developing states? |
-developed countries want everyone to partake but developing refuse as it limits their own growth/ they didn’t cause the past damage. HOWEVER developing countries could be seen to have accepted they need to act with Paris agreements -Kyoto could be seen as getting over this- differentiated responsibility. HOWEVER countries could set their own targets which led to many developing simply not setting any. -divisions could be seen as being more between those who will be most easily affected and those who will be least (USA U.K. etc vs Bangladesh).HOWEVER this could still be seen as largely developed vs developing as developed countries at risk have invested in technology eg the Netherlands -arguably tragedy of the commons is the bigger cause. HOWEVER tragedy of the commons can be argued as being part of developed vs developing as developed largely accept to stop abusing yet many self seeking developing countries don’t |
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ESSAY: to what extent is tragedy of the commons the main barrier to effective global action over the environment |
-states will always act in their own interests and use the commons to their personal advantage, thus preventing global action. HOWEVER it can be seen as being in all states interests to keep the planet alive -states encouraged to be free riders, as others can just do the work for them and reap the benefits. HOWEVER seen as international cooperation, Kyoto protocol -Paris agreement, most world signatures including selfish like Russia. HOWEVER USA have pulled out and more may follow, nothing binding -tensions between developed and developing could be seen as main barrier. HOWEVER this is arguably tragedy of the commons because developing want to abuse the commons |
