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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
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the principles in hte consititution are sufficiently broad that |
they can be adapted to meet the needs of a changing society |
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this was the first permanent english colong in the americas |
jamestown |
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the colonists of jamestown instituted a |
representative assembly |
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representative assembly |
a legislature composed of individuals who represented the population |
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the first new england colong was established in |
1620 |
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the mayflower consistsed largely of |
extremem separatists |
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mayflower compact |
writen by 41 of 44 of the adult males on mayflower ship at plymouth |
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the mayflower compact was for |
reassurance that the passengers were stil under obligations of civil obedience |
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william bradford |
one of the separatist leaders |
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the significance of the mayflower compact |
a political statement in which the signers agreed to create and submit to the authority of a government 1.the compact depended on the consent of the affected individuals 2. it served as a prototype for similar compacts in american history |
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john quncy adams stated that |
the compact was on its way toward achieving mythic status |
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the pilgrims governement |
was a religious colony |
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last of the 13 colonies was |
georgie 1732 |
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during the colonial period americans developed a concept of |
limited government |
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the pennsylvania charter of privileges of 1701 |
foreshadowed our modern constitution and bill of rights |
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after the independance was declare in 1776 |
the states quickly set up their own new cnsitituions |
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the conflict between britain and the american colonies which ultimately led to the revolutionary war |
began in the 1760s when the british government decided to raise revenues by imposing taxes on the american colonies |
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sugar act 1764 |
imposed a tax that many colonists were unwilling to pay. |
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stamp act 1765 |
parliaments approval for internal taxation of the legl document and even newpapers "taxation without representation" the colonists boycotted the purchase of english commodities in return |
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the success of the boycott |
the stamp act was repealed a year later - generated a feeling of unity within the colonies |
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boston tea party |
colonists dressed as mohawk indians dumped almost 350 chests of british tea into boston harbor as a gesture of tax protest |
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in retaliation of the boston tea party |
parliament apssed the coercive acts or the intolerable acts 1774 |
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the coercive acts (intolerable acts) of 1774 |
closed boston harbor and placed the government of massachusetts under direct british control |
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these states proposed the colonial gathering or congress |
new york pennsylvania rhode island |
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the first continental congress was held in |
philidelphia at carpenters hall on 9-5-1774 -gathering of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies - they spoke of sending petitions to king george III and raising their troops and boycotting british trade |
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the oldest colonial documents are filled with endorsements |
of christianity |
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nin of the colonies had |
churches that were established by law |
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the presidential elections fo 1796 and 1800 had party members of non chirstian values |
john adams was a unitarian and thomas jefferson was a freethinker |
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the overwhelming majority of the colonists considered themselves |
christians |
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christian nation |
-contend that american law is based on the laws of moses as set down in the bible - also believe that americas mission is not just an opinion held by many people, it should be taught as the literal truth -seperation of church and state is a myth |
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second continental congress |
may 1775 - all colonies represented this time -fighting had already broken out -one of the main actions was to establish an army
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thomas paines Common Sense |
a pamphlet -spoke on how obtaining their own government is their natural rights - argued that the only way to settle thier affairs was a declaration for independence |
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on april 6, 1776 the second continental congress voted for |
free trade at all american ports with all countries except biratin |
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after boycotting britain trade the congress suggested that |
each of the colonies establish a state government unconnected to Briain |
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July 2 1776 the resolution for independence was adopted by the secon continental congress |
that the colonies are and ought to be free and independent states from great britain |
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jefferson argued that a |
declaration clearly putting forth the causes that compelled the colonies to seperate from Britain was necessary |
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jeffersons declaration was altered to gain unanimous acceptence |
modified draft became the unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of america -on august 2nd, it was signed by the members of the second continetnal congress |
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natural rights |
rights held to be inherent in natural law, not dependen on governments. John Locke stated that natural law,, being superior to human law, specifies certain rights of life liberty and property. these rights altered to become life liberty and the pursuit of paiiness |
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locke argued that |
-all men have natural rights to life liberty and property -the primary purpose of government was to protect these rights |
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social contract |
a voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules |
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social contract |
an agreement among the people to form a government and abide by its rules |
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the mayflower compact was the first of several documents that established governments based on the consent of the governed |
early social contract |
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the declaration of independence consists of |
1. basic principles of natural rights and social contracts 2. justifies the colonists revolt against britain 3. remainder of the document is a list of what king george III has done to deprive the colonists of their rights |
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the significane of the declaration |
- concepts of equality, natural rights, and government established throught a social contract - it established the legitimacy of the new nation in the eyes of foreign governments, as well as in the eyes of the colonists themselves. which allowed for agreements between the states and foreign nations |
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the fight to gain actual indpendence lasted from 1775-81 until |
british gnereal charles cornwallis surrendered at yorktown in 81 |
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in 83, after britain formally recognized teh independence of the us in the treaty of paris |
george washington disbanded the army |
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teh anti royalists in new england and virginia called themselves |
republicans (not like todays republican part) and were against a strong central government, monarchy, executive authority, and virtually any form of restraint on the power of local groups |
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early time repubicans |
- did not want any form of executive authority or restraint on the power of local groups - almost prevented the victory over the british by their unwillingness to cooperate with any central authority |
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unicameral legeislatures |
legislature with only one legislatve chamber |
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if viceprez is dying but prez is alive the prez |
appoints someone but must be approved by both houses |
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________ is the supreme law of the nation |
consititution |
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constitution must |
- explain what type of government it is - explain eah branch of government - explain relations between national gov and state gov -explain freedoms and rights of the people
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consititution is divided into two sections |
1. written 2. unwritten |
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written constitution |
drafted into one document ex. constitutions of usa |
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unwritten constitution |
collecetion of documents ex. constitution of UK |
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some countries have consitutions but |
do not have consitutional governments |
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constitutional government |
a constitution with a system of checks and balances |
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before 1776 |
there was the articles of confederation |
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articles of confederation |
predecessor of consitution - created 13 independent states -different states had different currencies and rules |
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virginia plan |
proposed by james madison -had judicial, exec, and leg branches - large states have more representatives in congress - small states opposed |
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New jersey plan |
- had jud, exec, and leg branches - based on equal representations among all states - opposed by large states
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great compromoise |
combination of virginia plan and new jersey plan -created jud/exec/leg branches -house of rep(virginia plan) -senate(new jersey plan) - prez can serve for 2 terms no more than 10 years |
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consitution |
powers and prohibitions |
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powers |
delegated- those powers exclusively beloniging to the national government concurrent- state and national gov can both practice reserved- powers exclusively belonging to states |
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delegated powers |
those powers exclusively beloniging to the national government |
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concurrent powers |
state and national gov can both practice |
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reserved powers |
powers exclusively belonging to states |
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prohibition |
some powers you are not allowed to practice national gov state and national- title of nobility state gov- cannot print money, declare war, exchange ambassador with foreign countires |
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prohibition of state and national gov |
cannot have title of nobility
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prohibition of state gov |
cannot print money, declare war, exchange ambassador with foreign countires |
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bill of rights |
most important document in us constitution |
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bill of rights has 10 points |
1. freedom of speech 2. right to bear arms 3. federal gov cannot occupy your property during hte peaceful times 4. illegal search and seizure (warrents and probable cause are ways to get around) 5. 6. 7. can ask for jury trial 8. 9. unlisted rights belong to the people 10. unlisted powers belong to the people |
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federealist papers |
written by hamilton, james maddison, and jay -supported consitution -articles to support federal system -supported checks and balances/ constitution
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us constitution vs articles of confederation |
us constitution had federal system strong national government 50 states unified currency unified military bicameral congress articles of confederation had 13 states different currency per state state militia unicameral congress |
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ammending the us constitution (formal procedure) |
needs 2/3 pass of congress then 3/4 radification of state legislator or 3/4 of state conventions or needs 2/3 of special convention at national level to 3/4 radification of state legislator or 3/4 of state conventions |
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informal procedure of ammending the us constitution |
through supreme court rulings we change the government and constitution |
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the US s first form of government |
the articles of confederation |
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confederation means |
voluntary association of indpendent states |
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1776 was when the articles of confederation was written |
1777 was when articles of confederation draft was finalized |
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the articles of confederation had |
one president of congress per state that would meet once a year but no prez of the US |
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the congress of the articles |
appointed executive committees, regulated foreign affairs, established coinage, and weights, and measures. - lacked= independent source of revenue and executive machinery to enforce its decisions throughout the land |
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accomplishments under the articles of confederation (8years) |
- got states to give up their land claims to the united states as a whole - northwest ordinance of 1787= established a basic pattern of government for new territories north of the ohio river |
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northwest ordinance of 1787 |
established a basic pattern of government for new territories north of the ohio rier |
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weknesses of the tarticles |
they didnt have the right to demand revenues for the states, they could only ask the actions of congress required the consent of nine states any amendments to the aritcles required consent of the congress and the confirmation by every state legilature - didnt create a national system of courts |
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articles of confederation was based on |
teh dependancy of the goodwill of the other states "league of friendship" among the states - didnt intend for a national government |
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the most fundamental weakness of the articles was |
lack of power to raise funds for the militia |
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powers of the congress of the confederation had power to |
- declare war and make peace -enter into treaties and alliances - establish and control armed forces -requisitionmen and funds from state - regulate coinage - borown funds and issue bills of credit - fix uniform standards of weight and measurement -create admiralty courts -create a postal system -regulate indian affairs -guarantee citizens of each state the rights and privileges of citizens in the several states when in another state -adjudicate disputes between states on state petition |
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powers of the congress of the confederation lacked the power to |
-provide effective treaties and control foreign relations. could not compel states to repect treaties -it could not draft soldiers -it left each state free to tax imports from other states -couldnt not collect taxes directly from the people it had to rely on states to collect and forward taxes - could not compel states to pay their share of government costs -couldnt not make national currency |
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shays rebellion |
1786 seized county courthouses and disrupted the trials of debtors in springrield, massachusetts. they then launched an attak on the federal arsenal but were repulsed - demonstrated that the central government could not protect the citizeny from armed rebellion or provide adequately for the public welfare. |
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this demonstrated that the central government could not protect the citizenry from armed rebellion or provide adequately for the public welfare |
shays rebellion |
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virginia legislature called for a meeting of all states to be held at annapolis, maryland 9/11 1786 to discuss commercial problems only |
meeting that led to the consitutional convention |
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constitutional convention worked on |
the relationship between the states and the central government, the powers of the national legislature, the need for executive leadership, and the establishment of policies for economi stability |
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the result of the meeting in annapolis, maryland was |
a petition to the continental congress for a general convention to meet in philadelphia in may 1787 to consider the needs of the union - this meeting would become known as the constitutional convention |
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constitutional convention was a result of the |
annapolis maryland meeting was on may 14, 1787 opening day was delayed rhode island was the only state that refused to send delegates |
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james madison and james wilson wanted a |
central government founded on popular support |
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the delegates had been sent to philadelphia for the sole purpose of amending the articles of confederation yet |
created the constitution |
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randolphs fifteen resolutions |
to better the nation included the virginia plan |
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virginia plan |
bicameral legilature -opposed by smaller states -representatives by state population |
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bicameral legislature |
the lower chamber chosen by the people and the smaller upper chamber chosen by the lower chamber from nominees selected by state legislatures |
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the new jersey plan |
paterson suggested - equal representation amon states - congress would be able to regulate trade and impose taxes -all acts of congress would be the supreme law of the land ( reference to the supremacy doctrine) -executive office and supreme court by executive office appointees |
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supremacy doctrine |
a doctrine that asserts the priority of national law over state laws - this is stated in artice VI of the constitution |
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the great compromise (connecticut compromise) |
combination of new jersey and virginia plan -proposed by sherman bi cameral = lower chamber, house of rep upper chamber, senate |
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the three fifths compromise |
dealt with slaves in the representational scheme slaves would be counted as 3/5s of a person |
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US is among the few countries that |
do not tax their exports - result of south worries of congress taxing souths dependability on exporting in the 1700s |
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the madisonian model (seperation of powers) |
making each branch of the government independent but needing to cooperate to govern
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seperation of powers |
the principle of dividing governmental powers among different branches of government |
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madisonian model (checks and balances) |
each branch of the government can check the actions of the others |
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congress holds |
power of the purse |
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ways around the checks and balances |
-president can veto a bill, but congress can override the presidential veto by a two thirds vote -congress has power of the purse so they can refuse to appropriate the funds neccesary to operatue a program endorsed by the executive branch - president can wait until congress is in recess and then make a recess appointment which does not require the senates immediate approval for a judicial appointment |
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electoral college was adopted to |
make the presidency completely independent of congress |
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electoral college |
group of persons, called electors, that officially elects the president and the vice president of the US. The electors are selected by the voters in each state and in the district of columbia |
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checks and balances of supreme court |
can declare presidential actions unconstitutional can declare congressional laws unconcstitutional |
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the president |
can refuse to enforce the courts decisions can grant pardons |
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congress powers |
can rewrite legislation to circumvent the courts decisions determines the number of judges can impeach and remove a president has the power of the purse (provides funds for the presidents programs) can override a presidential veto of its legialation |
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the constitution was approved by thirty nine delegates on 9/17/1787 |
the constitution was approved by thirty nine delegates on 9/17/1787 |
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ratification |
formal approval |
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the constitution established the following fundamental principles |
- popular sovereignty (controlled by the people) - republican government in which the people choose representative to make decisions for them -limited government with written laws, in contrast with powerful british govenment - seperation of powers, with checks and balances - federal system that allows for states rights, because the states feared too much centralized control |
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the delegates agreed for ratification that as soon as |
9 of the thirteen states approved the constitution it would take effect |
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the opposing forces in the battle over ratification were |
the federalists and the anti federalists |
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the federalists |
favored a strong central government and the new constitution |
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anti federalists |
wanted to prevent the constitution as drafted from being ratified |
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the federalist papers |
a response to the attacks of the opponents of the constitution written in newspaper columns by alexander hamilton, john jay, and james madison |
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this defended the constitution and a republican form of government |
the federalist papers |
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anti federalists believed that |
the constitution was written by artistocrats the constitutions would create an overburdening central government hostile to personal liberty they wanted a bill of rights to protect personal liberty |
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new hampshire |
the ninth state to ratify the constitution |
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bill of rights |
was adopted when virginia agreed to ratify the ten amendments in 1791 -in beginning did not limit state power - not until the civil war would teh limitations on state power in the form of the fourteenth amendment become part of the national constitution |
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two formal methods of proposing an amendment to the constitution are available |
1. 2/3 vote in each chamber of congress or 2. a national convention that is called by congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures (this method has never been used) |
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ratification can occur in one of two methods |
1. by a postiive vote in 3/4s of the legislatures of the various states or 2. by a special conventions called in the states and a positive vote in 3/4s of them (has been used only once, to repeal prhibition) |
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only ____ amount of ammendments have been ratified |
27 |
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1st - 10th amendments |
bill of rights |
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11th amendment |
immunity of states from certain suits |
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12 amendment |
changes in electroal college procedure |
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13th amendment |
prohibition of slavery |
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14th amendment |
citizenship, du process, and equal protection |
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15th amendment |
no denial of vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
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16th amendment |
power of congress to tax income |
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17th amendment |
direct election of US senators |
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18th amendment |
national prohibition |
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19th amendment |
womens right to vote |
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20th amendment |
change of dates for congressional and presidential terms |
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21st amendment |
repeal of eighteenth amendment (prohibition repealed) |
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22nd amendment |
limit on presidential tenure |
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23rd amendment |
district of columbia electoral vote |
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24th amendment |
prohibition of tax payment as a qualification to vote in federal elections |
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25th amendment |
procedures for determining presidential disability and presidential succession and for filling a vice prez vacancy |
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26th amendment |
prohibition of setting the minimum voting age above eighteen in any election |
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27th amendment |
prohibition of congress's voting itself a raise or cut in pay that takes effect before the next election |
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2/3 of the state legislature must approve the ammendment after getting passed in a |
2/3 vote in each chamber of congress |
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commerce clause |
teh basis for passing thousands of laws -regulate foreign and interstate commerce |
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executive agreements |
legally binding understandings reached between the president and a foreign head of state - allows presidents to conduct foreign affairs |
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judicial review |
the power of the US courts to examine the consitutionlity of actions undertaken by the legislative and executive branches of government |
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because the constitution is so broad it allows for change through |
commerce clause (power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce) presidential actions (like sending troops to war and executive agreements) judicial review(ruling something unconstitutional) interpretation by both congress and the president |
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2/3 vote in each chamber of congress |
judicial review |
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the law is what the supreme court says it is at any point in time |
the law is what the supreme court says it is at any point in time |
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teh first permanent english colonies were established at |
jamestown in 1607 and plymouth in 1620 |
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the first formal government in New England |
the mayflower compact |
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representatives of the colonies formed the |
first continental congress in 1774 and the second continental congress 1775 - established a army to defend colonists against a ttacks by british soldiers |
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on july 4, 1776 |
the second continental congress approved the declaration of independence |
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most revolutionary aspects of the declaration were its |
statesments that people have natrual rights to life, liberyt, and the pursuit of happiness; that governments derie their power from the consent of the governed; and that people have a right to overthrow opressive goernments |
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during the revolutionary war |
the states signed the articles of confederation -created a weak central government -unworkable because the national government ahd no way to ensure compliance by the states with such measures as securing tax revenues |
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dissatisfaction with the articles of confederation prompted the call for a convention in philidelphia 1787 |
at this convention delegates focused on creating a consitution for a new form of government -great compromise or connecticut compromise -created constitution |
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final version of consitution |
-seperation of powers - checks and balances - a federal form of government |
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fears of a strong central government prompted te addition of the |
bill of rights |
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bill of rights includes |
the freedoms of religion, speech, and assembly, was applied initially only to the federal government but ammendments to the consitution following the civil war were interpreted to ensure that the bill of rights would apply to the states as well |
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an ammendment ot the constitution may be proposed either by a |
2/3 bote in each chamber of congress or by a national convention called by congress at the request of 2/3 of the state leislatures - ratification can occur either by the approval of 3/4 of the legilsatures of the states or by a special conventions called in the states for the purpose of ratifying the amenment and approval by 3/4 of these conventions |
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informal methods of consitutional change include |
reinterpretation through congressional legislation, presidential actions, and judicial review |
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explain how the olonial experience prepare americans for indpendence, the restrictions that britain placed on the colonies, and the american response to those restrictions |
allowing them to establish their own sense of rules and begin to work out their own government, they became less dependent on UK. The UK was proposing taxes on the colonials like the stamp act which was "taxation without representation" and the tea tax, Americans responded to these restrictions by boycotting the british materials and eventually a revolution |
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when the first continental congress convened in 1774, the british government a. welcomed the advice offered by the colonists b. agreed to allow the colonies to form a seperate government c. treated the meeting as an act of rebellion |
C |
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describe the significance of the declaration of independence and the articles of confederation, as well as the weaknesses of the articles |
the declaration of independence signified the reasons of departing from the british rule and the included that all men are created equal and have natural rights to life liberty and pursuit of happiness, social contracts, the articles of conederation was the first system of government after the independence, its weaknesses included different currencies per state, congress lacked power to draft soldiers for militia, and lacked power to impose taxes |
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a major defect in the articles of confederation was a. the lack of power to raise funds for military forces b. the lack of treaty making power c. the inability to easily communicate with citizens |
A |
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the most important compromises reached at the constitutional convention and the basic structure of the resulting government |
-the great compromise -3/5 compromise the result was a bicamaral legislature that is our present day system yet the 3/5 compromise only counted a slave as 3/5ths of a person which was revoked in 1886 |
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which of the following fundamental principles was not established by the constitution of 1787? a. popular sovereignty, or control by the people b. limited government with written laws c. a system in which the central government had complete power over the states |
c |
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arguments in favor of and the arguments against adopting the constitution and explain why the bill of rights was adopted |
the arguments in favor of the consitution was that the us needed a central gov to govern the states and they needed a popular sovereignty ruled government those against the constitution feared too much power of the central government which is why the bill of rights was adopted so that the government could not take certain rights of the citizens which allowed states to ratify the constitution |
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process of amending the constitution |
needs 2/3 vote in both chambers of congress or by a national convention called by congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures THEN ratified by 3/4 of the legislatures of the states or by special conventions called in the states for the purpose of ratifying the amendment and approval by 3/4 of these conventions |
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an international agreement between chiefs of state that does not require a legislative sanction |
executive agreement |
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the power of the US sureme court or any other federal court ot declare a federal or any state law unconstitutional |
judicial review |
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formal approval |
ratification |
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the people who were in favor of the creation of a new constiution in 1787 |
federalists |
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the principle of dividing powers among the three branches of government executive, judiciary, and legislative |
seperation of power |
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a group of people occupying a specific area and organized under one government, may be either a nation or subunit of a nation |
confederation |
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rights inherent in natural law |
natural rights |
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an individual who opposed the ratification of the new constitution in 1787 |
anti federalists |
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legislature only with one chamber |
unicameral legislature |
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system of government with the ultimate power vested in the state or regional government except those powers delegated to the national government |
state |
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legislature with two legislative bodies |
bicameral legislature |
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doctrine that asserts the superiority of national law over state or regional laws |
supremacy doctrine |
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combination of the new jersey and virginia plans and called the connecticut plan |
the great compromise |
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model of government devised by james madison in which the powers of government are divided between the judiciary, executive, and legislative branches of government |
madisonian model |
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major priniple of american system wehreby each branch of government exercises a check on the actions of others |
checks and balances |
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16. The Articles of Confederation was
written a number of years before the Declaration of Independence. provisions for a close binding of the states together. rules for an association of essentially sovereign states. charters for the13 colonies. |
4 |
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17. The concept of separation of powers was included in the Constitution to prevent
a major dispute between the federal and state governments. a major dispute over power between state governments. a major dispute over power between the House and Senate. tyranny of any kind. |
4 |
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The federalist Papers were
an attempt to define the Constitution and a republican form of government. An attempt to defeat the ratification of the Constitution. written by Charles Beard to show the public that the delegates were a self-serving elite. written to support the idea a unitary form of government.
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1 |
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19. Constitutional amendments must be ratified by
a popular vote of the people. a two- thirds vote of Congress. legislatures or conventions in three-fourths of the states. two- thirds of state conventions called for this purpose by the Congress
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Examples of Constitutional interpretations that have changed over time include
the interstate commerce clause. the Bill of Rights the Declaration of Independence a and b
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The tax called ‘taxation without representation’ was
the Sugar Act. the Stamp Act the Tea Tax the coercive Act
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The major reason for the creation of the Mayflower Compact was
to establish a peaceful relations with the natives. to establish relations with the French government. to establish a structure for civil disobedience. to revolt in Jamestown which almost destroyed that settlement.
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Thomas Paine’s pamphlet , ‘Common Sense’ advocated the
formation of a new government that would still be loyal to the king. establishment of a government that would limit further immigration. end of hostilities toward Great Britain. idea that a government of our own is our natural right.
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Confederation means
a unitary association a voluntary association of independent states. a national association of dependent states a national legislature
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According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to :
protect people’s natural rights. protect all form of anarchy protect society at the expense of the individual. Protect people from foreign invaders.
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A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules is called:
a declaration a social contract a compact. a constitution. |
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Republicans were not opposed to
a strong central government. the authority of the monarchy. the authority of legislatures. restraint of the power of local groups. |
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State government in the Revolutionary War period and later
concentrated power in the legislature. . concentrated power in a strong executive. weakened the power of the judiciary. weakened the power of the legislature.
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1. fear of a powerful central government.
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1. regulate foreign affairs.
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The Constitution gave the people which of the following?
A republican, or representative government. A viable two-party political system. An extensive tri-level federal court system. A multi party unitary system. |
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In response to the Federalist Papers, the Anti Federalists argued
for a large, centralized republic. for a compromise Constitution for a Bill of Rights. . a and c. |
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Informal Methods of Constitutional Change include
Congress passing legislation with a ¾ majority state governments changing their constitutions to supersede the U.S. Constitution. interpretation by both Congress and the President. . 20 state governments agreeing on a specific change.
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According to Federalist Papers, it is important to guard the society against the oppression of
the rulers the majority foreign nations a and b |
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There were three plans: the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan and Connecticut Plan for the future of the U.S. Government. Please discuss these three plans. |
virginia plan= rep by population new jersey plan= equal rep connecticut plan= compromise between virigina and new jersey plans. is our current gov of house of reps and senate |
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The U.S. Constitution includes delegated, concurrent and reserved powers and some prohibitions. Please discuss these powers and prohibitions. |
delegated= powers exclusively belonging to federal gov ex. concurrent = powers that can be practiced by fed and state govs ex. taxes reserved powers= power that can be practiced by state govs ex.
prohibition of national gov = prohibition of state and national gov= title of nobility prohibition of state gov= cannot print money cannot declare war cannot exchange embassador with foreign countries |
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3. Please discuss the federalist papers and explain who wrote these papers.
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the federalist papers were an attempt ot explain and get support for the constitution - was written primarily by hamilton with primary supporters madison and jay |
