• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/75

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

75 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Who are those that are regularly engaged in preventing crime, investigating crimes and apprehending criminals, maintaining order, and providing other miscellaneous services?
General service law enforcement agencies
True or False: All police officers are peace officers, but all peace officers are not police officers.
True
Whose status is defined by statute, have a broad power in taking actions, and have somewhat greater protection from liability when they are acting in "good faith" in carrying out an official duty?
Sworn peace officers
What is the myth that reflects the idea of the police as a "thin blue line," fighting a war on crime?
Crime-fighter image
How much of a patrol officer's activities are devoted to criminal law enforcement?
About one-third
Most police work is best described as:
Peacekeeping, order maintenance, and problem solving
What refers to the influence popular crime and forensic TV shows have on the public- especially jurors involved in criminal trials?
The CSI Effect
How many of all reported index crimes are solved?
20%
What are three ways in which the police role is extremely complex?
1. It involves a wide variety of tasks
2. Many of the tasks are extremely vague
3. Different responsibilities often conflict with each other
True or False: The tension between freedom and constraint is one of the central problems in American policing.
True
What is one of the most important factors shaping the police role?
The authority to use force
True or False: Force includes the power to take someone's life (deadly force), the use of physical force, and the power to deprive people of their liberty through arrest.
True
What are the organized ways in which society responds to behavior and people it regards as deviant, problematic, worrying, threatening, troublesome or undesirable in some way or another?
Social control
What are the three different types of social control?
Private, parochial, and public
Which level of social control is carried out by family, friends, and other informal social groups that have the capacity to exercise social control through criticism, praise, ostracism, and even violence?
Private level
Which level of social control is exercised by community organization such as schools, churches, neighborhood groups, and businesses that often have a stake in individual behavior?
Parochial level
Which level of social control is exercised by government organizations such as the police and regulatory agencies, and is often called to action when other levels have failed?
Public level
How do the police contribute to social control?
Through their law enforcement and order maintenance responsibilities
Because the police determine the workload for the criminal justice system, they are considered the:
Gatekeepers
How are the police part of systems of social control?
-They are the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system
-The police are an important part of the social welfare system
-The police are an important part of the political system
Which approach refers to the police having to disaggregate their workload, identify recurring problems, and develop strategies to reduce or eliminate certain problems?
Problem-orientated policing (POP)
Which approach reflects that the police should work closely with the community, instead of being an inward-looking bureaucracy; that should emphasize crime prevention, as opposed to law enforcement?
Community policing
Which approach concentrates on relatively minor quality-of-life issues that will contribute to a significant reduction of serious crime?
Zero-tolerance policing
What are critics referring to:
-Results in indiscriminate policing practices, which lead to arbitrary search-and-seizure practices
-Arrest lacking probable cause
-Wrongful arrest of innocent persons
-Denial of due process
Zero-tolerance policing
What was a radical innovation in the early 1970's, involving reconstructing police operations along neighborhood lines and decentralizing decision-making authority?
Team policing
What refers to how the responsibility for police protection rests with local governments: cities and counties?
Local political control
What are the four different levels of government police services are provided by?
City, county, state, and federal
Which approach provides a comprehensive picture of all the different procedures of police services in a particular area; including consumer's perspective on policing?
Industry perspective
What is referred to being broken down into separate, decentralized parts?
Fragmentation
How many law enforcement agencies are in the United States?
About 18,000 state and local agencies
What is the maximum number of sworn officers any given law enforcement agency is authorized to employ?
Authorized strength
Why are most departments below their authorized strength?
Retirements, resignations, and terminations (annual average attrition rate is about 5 percent)
What is the process of replacing sworn officers with non-sworn personnel for certain positions?
Civilianization
What are some reasons for utilizing civilians in police work? (33 percent of all local police departments)
-They free up sworn officers for critical police work that requires a trained experienced officer
-They possess expertise in areas such as computers or data analysis
-They are less expensive than sworn officers
What is the standard measure for the level of police protection in a community; usually calculated as the number of officers per 1,000 residents?
Police-population ratio
What is the national average for local agencies of sworn officers per thousand?
2.3
True or False: There is no clear relationship between the police-population ratio and the crime rate.
True
What are some issues with fragmentation?
-Lack of coordination between agencies in the same geographic area (competing rather than cooperating)
-Can lead to crime displacement, especially with respect to vice crimes
-Problem of duplication of services, with the resulting increase in costs
-Leads to inconsistent standards
Which alternative to fragmentation states that small agencies should be consolidated into larger ones?
Consolidation
Which alternative to fragmentation states small agencies should contract with larger agencies for specific services?
Contracting
Who are also known as city police, make up the most important component of American law enforcement. Representing the majority of all law enforcement agencies and sworn officers, they are responsible for dealing with serious crime, difficult order maintenance problems, and a wide range of emergency services?
Municipal police
What are police agencies that operate on a countywide basis and lack the non-law-enforcement roles of the county sheriff (account for about 1 percent of local departments)?
County police
Who is an elected county official that is responsible for all three components of the criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Usually is directly involved in partisan politics in ways that municipal police chiefs are not?
Sheriff
Who is a peace officer that is either elected or appointed, roles are defined by state constitution, empowered to serve writs and warrants, but have a smaller jurisdiction than a sheriff?
Constable
Who is a medical examiner responsible for aiding criminal investigations by probing deaths not thought to be of natural causes?
Coroner
What is the difference between coroners and medical examiners?
-Medical examiners are physicians and have received special training in death investigation
-Coroners are elected to their position; medical examiners are appointed by an elected official
-Medical examiners rely on their medical expertise to determine cause of death
What police agencies are designed to serve only specific government agencies or special geographic boundaries (i.e. airports, parks, college/university campus police)?
Special district police
What are agencies whose primary responsibility is to provide general law enforcement services for Indian Nations?
Tribal police
Who are (sometimes called Departments of Public Safety) defined as agencies having statewide police powers for both traffic regulation and criminal investigations?
State police
Who are are defined as agencies having statewide authority to enforce traffic regulations and arrest non-traffic violators under their jurisdiction?
Highway patrol
What is the process of voluntary professional self-regulation that serves as an approach to establishing minimum national standards in policing?
Accreditation
What suggests that the police are organized similar to the military by wearing a uniform, possessing a military rank and command structure, adopting an authoritarian organizational style, carrying weapons, and possessing the legal authority to use deadly force, physical force, and arrest?
Quasi-military style
Who is credited as the father of modern policing; originated the quasi-military style plan for the London Metropolitan Police in 1829?
Robert Peele
What are some criticisms of the quasi-military style?
-Military ethos an "us versus them" attitude that is used to justify mistreatment of citizens
-It encourages the idea of a "war on crime" that is inappropriate for serving a citizen population
-The authoritarian command style is contrary to democratic principles of participation
-The authoritarian style produces low morale, and the rigid rank structure fails to provide job satisfaction
Who were the leaders of the police bureaucratic movement?
August Vollmer, Bruce Smith, and O.W. Wilson
What are the informal networks formed between lower and higher ranking officers?
Vertical cliques
What are the informal networks formed between similarly ranked officers?
Horizontal cliques
What often took on such principles as specialization, hierarchy, clear lines of authority, and written rules of policy?
Police professionalism
What refers to an alternative to the traditional form of police organizations?
Community policing
What is it to place greater decision-making responsibility on rank-and-file officers at the neighborhood level and to become more responsive to neighborhood residents?
Decentralized
What is an alternative to changing the structure of police organization, and an organizational unit within a police agency that consists of officers from different ranks who are selected based on their talents rather than their rank?
Task force
What refers to an organizational model, first used by the New York City Police in 1994, that allows police departments to blend timely intelligence, effective tactics, rapid deployment of personnel, and vigorous follow-up and assessment?
COMPSTAT (Computerized Statistics)
What refers to a nearly universal set of formal and legally binding procedures governing personnel decisions in police organizations, ensuring that such decisions are based on objective criteria and not on favoritism, bias, or political influence?
Civil service
What typically corresponds with an officer's rank and seniority within the department?
Rewards hierarchy
What is a form of hierarchy based on the number of years of service the officer has been employed as an officer with an agency?
Seniority hierarchy
What is a hierarchy based on officers' assignments or jobs within the police agency?
Status hierarchy
What is a hierarchy based on the officer's rank?
Rank hierarchy
What are some problems of civil service organizations?
-It limits the power of police chiefs in making personnel decisions
-It limits the opportunities and incentives for individual officers
-Provisions of discipline make it extremely difficult for chiefs to terminate bad officers or even discipline them
What is an organization legally authorized to represent police offi cers in collective bargaining with the employer. Police unions spread rapidly in the 1960s after officers were angry and alienated over Supreme Court rulings, criticisms by civil rights groups, poor salaries, and benefits?
Police union
What is a method of determining conditions of employment through bilateral negotiations according to the following principles: employees have a legal right to form unions; employers must recognize employee unions; employees have a right to participate in negotiations over working conditions; and employers are required to negotiate with the union's designated representatives?
Collective bargaining
What are designed to protect officers against unfair discipline; due process for employees?
Grievance procedure
What is defined as an official action by a criminal justice official based on that individuals judgement about the best course of action?
Discretion
What is the name given to patrol officers because they make decisions that produce actual police policy as it affects citizens?
Street-level bureaucrats
What is used by an officer to promote effective and efficient police work?
Positive use of discretion
Who is known as the father of police professionalism for advocating higher education for police officers and promoting organizational reform within departments?
August Vollmer