Police Studies Exam

Front 1

a document that permits the police to search a specific location and take items that might be evidence of a crime

Back 1

Search Warrant

Front 2

Searches without a warrant (3)

Back 2

1) the object is in plain view of the police

2)the discovery of the incriminating evidence is inadvertent

3)it is immediately apparent that the object is evidence of a crime.

Front 3

To Avoid entrapment, Police must not (2)

Back 3

1)persistently harass into committing an offence that he or she would not have committed had it not been for the actions of the police.

2)People cannot be targeted at random, must be a reasonable suspicion that the person is already engaged in criminal activity.

Front 4

provides police officers with a working model that sets out the course of action to be taken in use- of-force situations

Back 4

force options model

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the level of potential danger posed by a person confronted by police officers, generally in the form of weapons or levels of resistance

Back 5

demonstrated threat

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five levels of resistance

Back 6

Cooperative, Non-Cooperative, Resistant, Combative, Showing the potential to cause grievous bodily harm or death.

Front 7

The person acts in a manner that the police officer has reason to believe could result in grievous bodily harm or death to the public or to the police—for example, using a knife, a firearm, or a baseball bat.

Back 7

Showing the potential to cause grievous bodily harm or death.

Front 8

The person attempts or threatens to apply force to anyone, for example, by punching, kicking, or clenching fists with the intent to hurt or resist.

Back 8

Combative

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The person demonstrates resistance to control by the police officer through behaviors such as pulling away, pushing away, or running away.

Back 9

Resistant

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There is little or no physical resistance. The person does not comply to the officer’s request, showing verbal defiance and little or no physical response.

Back 10

Non-Cooperative

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There is no resistance. The person responds positively to verbal requests and commands. The person willingly complies.

Back 11

Cooperative

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Levels of Force Intervention (5)

Back 12

Officer presence, dialogue, Empty hands, Compliance tools, Lethal force.

Front 13

the generally accepted use-of-force standard that police officers have the authority to use one higher level of force than thatwith which they are confronted

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one-plus-one standard

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a control technique thatis highly unlikely to cause death or serious injury

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less lethal force option

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Tasers adopted in, and notable controversy

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late 1990s, Robert Dziekanski

Front 16

Braidwood Commission in British Columbia recommendations (3)

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A Taser should be used only in criminal matters and not to enforce municipal bylaws or provincial statutes.• A Taser should only be used when a subject is causing bodily harm or is about to cause bodily harm.• A Taser should be used only as a last resort.

Front 17

police used force in

Back 17

0.7 percent of encounters with the public.

Front 18

Nearly ? percent of the cases in which force was used involved a person who was under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs.

Back 18

90%

Front 19

public approval ratings of the police have fallen from the 80 percent range to ?

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54 percent in 2010.

Front 20

As the average age of police officers increases (Force),

Back 20

their use of force tends to decrease.

Front 21

Shootings are more likely to occur when

Back 21

at least two officers are present.

Front 22

Canadian police use lethal force

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—only ten times a year, on average.

Front 23

an incident in which the victim acts in a manner calculated to provoke the use of deadly force on the part of the police

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victim-precipitated homicide (“suicide by cop”)

Front 24

the physiological, psych- ological, physical, and emotional reactions that may occur in an individual who has been involved in a traumatic incident, e.g., patrol officers involved in a fatal shooting

Back 24

critical incident stress

Front 25

a policy that establishes standards of behaviour for police officers

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code of ethics

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the unwritten rule that exists among police officers not to report on a colleague's errors, misconducts, or crimes.

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blue wall of silence

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individual police officer misconduct

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Rotten apple

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group misconduct by police officers

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Rotten barrel

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misconduct by a police service

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rotten orchards

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corrupt practice

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(1) failing to account for money or property that has been received, (2) incurring an obligation or debt that may affect his or her duties, and (3) improperly using his or her position for private advantage

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Actions, Often Criminal, That Undermine the Administration of Justic

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fabricating evidence, backfilling police notebooks, committing perjury in court while under oath etc...

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a view by police officersthat the ends justify the means (misconduct)

Back 32

Noble Cause Corruption

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Police dept. known for corruption

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New Orleans

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example involves officers accepting gifts and gratuities

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grey area of police work,

Front 35

Code of Professional Conduct Regulations (BC)

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the police officer, while off duty, asserts or purports to assert authority as a police officer and does an act that would constitute a disciplinary default if done while the police officer is on duty, or (b) the police officer, while off duty, acts in a manner that is likely to discredit the reputation of the municipal police department with which the police officer is employed.”1

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Off duty standard

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higher standard than ordinary citizen

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prevention programs designed to alter the conditions that provide opportunities for criminal offences

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primary crime prevention programs

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programs that focus onareas that produce crime and disorder

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secondary crime prevention program

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programs designed toprevent adults and youths from reoffending

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tertiary crime prevention programs

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a holistic approach to crime that focuses on the people, places, and situations where criminal activity occurs

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crime reduction

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most comprehensive crime reduction strategy (CRS) in Canada

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Surrey, b.C.,

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D.A.R.E

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(Drug Abuse Resistance education)

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a tactical strategy based on the idea that the police should address the causesof recurrent crime and disorder

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problem-oriented policing (POP)

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the view that crime is only a visible symptom of much larger problems

Back 44

iceberg (or 80/20) rule

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a problem-solving model for police

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SARA (scanning, analysis, response, assessment)

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the view that if minor crimes are left unad- dressed an environmentfor more serious crime will be created

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broken windows approach

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broken windows approach emerged in

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New York City in the 1980s

Front 48

proactive operations by the police to targetand apprehend criminal offenders

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Crime attack strategies

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strict order maintenance approach by the police in a specific area, coupled with high police visibility and presence, with a focus on disorder and minor infrac- tions, will reduce more serious criminal activity

Back 49

zero- tolerance policing, also referred to as “confident policing,” “proactive policing,” or “community policing with the gloves off.”

Front 50

SHOP, MDRT

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Calgary Police Service Serious Habitual Offender Program (SHOP) and Multi-Disciplinary Resource Team (MDRT). Case management program for youths and adults designated as serious habitual offenders.

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(ROPE)

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Repeat Offender Program Enforcement Squad, Toronto Police Service and the York Regional Police

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IPPI

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The Integrated Police-Parole Initiative, officers work alongside parole officers to monitor the activities of high- risk offenders released into the community.

Front 53

advising the media, crime victims, and the public when certain offenders are released

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community notification

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an approach based on the principle that criminal behaviour injures the victim, the community, and the offender

Back 54

restorative justice

Front 55

all the participants—including judge, defence lawyer, prosecutor, police officer, victim and family, offender and family, and com- munity residents—sit facing one another in a circle

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circle sentencing

Front 56

the relocation of crime from one place, time, target, offence, or tactic to another due to effective crime prevention and crime response strategies

Back 56

crime displacement

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Crime displacement (5)

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(1) geographic, which involves offenders moving their criminal activity to another area; (2) temporal, in which criminals alter the times they commit offences; (3) tactical, in which offenders develop different strate­ gies to commit crimes; (4) target, in which offenders select different places to commit crimes or different people to victimize; and (5) functional, in which changes in technology reduce criminal opportunities in some areas but open them up in others

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the identification of police priorities and objectives and associated resource requirements

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strategic planning

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a systematic approach to crime prevention and crime response based on the analysis of statistical and other data

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Crime analysis

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Crime analysis

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Tactical analyses focus on the “when, where, and how” of crimes.

Strategic analyses examine long-term crime patterns and trends, includingseasonal variations in crime.•

Administrative analyses provide information to police managers, including comparative figures for police services.• Investigative analyses profile suspects (and crime victims for police investigators), including chronic offenders and specific types of offenders (e.g., car thieves).

•Intelligence analyses focus on linkages between offenders and between crime groups, identifying patterns.

• Operational analyses focus on how the police service is utilizing its resources— including its patrol units, its specialty units, and so on.11

Front 61

computer-generated maps that depict the incidence and patterns of specific types of criminal activity in specific geographic areas

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crime maps

Front 62

the application of criminal intelligence analysis tofacilitate crime reduction and prevention

Back 62

intelligence-led policing (ILP)

Front 63

a strategy designed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of police services while holding police personnel account- able for achieving crime reduction objectives

Back 63

Compstat

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Compstat (4)

Back 64

Timely and accurate intelligence

Effective tactics

Rapid deployment

Relentless follow-up and assessment

Front 65

investigative units that focus on specific types of offenders or criminal activities

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problem-oriented special unit

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police units that are distinguished by specialized equipment and tactics

Back 66

method-oriented special unit

Front 67

the protocol for conducting investigations

Back 67

major case management mode

Front 68

cases in which the perpetrator is readily identifiable

Back 68

smoking gun investigation

Front 69

cases in which the suspect is unknown and extensive investigation is required

Back 69

whodunit investigations

Front 70

A crime scene search is conducted in order to gather evidence that will (3)

Back 70

determine the facts of the crime committed; establish the methods used to commit the crime; and identify the perpetrator(s) of the crime

Front 71

Two basic approaches are used to search a crime scene:

Back 71

a cautious search, a vigorous search

Front 72

evidence in criminal investigations that is detected through one of the five senses

Back 72

direct evidence

Front 73

evidence not directlyobserved but that can implicate an offender

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circumstantial evidence

Front 74

It has been found that mistaken eyewitness identification

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accounts for more convictions of innocent people than all other errors combined

Front 75

the assumption that physical evidence is transferred during the commission of a criminal offence

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principle of transfer and exchang

Front 76

the investigative failure to recognize a pattern linking one crime with one or more others

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linkage blindness

Front 77

a strategy to identify suspects by constructing biographical and psychological sketches based on crime scene evidence

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criminal profiling

Front 78

ViCLAS

Back 78

Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System; a system used by investigators that includes information on predatory and sexual crimes of violence

Front 79

the analysis of behaviour patterns that relate to space or geography, with particular reference to the journey to crime

Back 79

geographic profiling

Front 80

genetic information that can be used in case investigations

Back 80

DNA

Front 81

DNA testing has been accepted by Canadian courts since

Back 81

1988

Front 82

specialized units that focus on unsolved serious crimes

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cold case squads

Front 83

a controversial investiga- tive strategy designed to secure confessions from crime suspects

Back 83

Mr. Big technique

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Mr. Big Stats

Back 84

Mr. Big technique has a 75 percent confession rate and a 95 percent conviction rate,

Front 85

About ? percent of Canadians are visible minorities.

Back 85

13

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Windsor Police Service

Back 86

implemented a mandatory training program to build awareness of homophobic violence and to develop positive relationships with GLBT communities.

Front 87

the requirement that police officers make decisions on the basis of reasonable suspicion and probable grounds rather than stereotypes

Back 87

bias-free policing

Front 88

police targeting of mem- bers of a particular racial group, on the basis of the supposed criminal propensity of the entire group

Back 88

racial profiling

Front 89

a disproportionate police focus on a racialized population or neighbourhood

Back 89

overpolicing

Front 90

police stops or searches for a minor reason that are used for more intrusive intervention

Back 90

pretext policing

Front 91

“Racial Profiling Policy”

Back 91

In 2011, the Ottawa Police Service developed a “Racial Profiling Policy” that sets out the definitions of racism and racial profiling and the expected standards of behaviour for police officers.

Front 92

Nearly ? percent of canadians are aboriginal

Back 92

4

Front 93

police work in northern communities that places officers under constantscrutiny; also, the high impact of their decisions

Back 93

high visibility/high consequence policin

Front 94

officers in the communities are often required to “cover” for other agencies after hours and on weekends and holidays

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“mandate creep”

Front 95

(FNCPS)

Back 95

First Nations Community Police Service