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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the laws that govern how the police go about enforcing the laws are known as what?
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procedural laws
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what are the laws that are concerned with the relationship between the individual and the government called?
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criminal laws
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the written rulings of state and federal appellate courts are known as what?
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case law
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this amendment guarantees an individual the right to bail
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8th
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which of the following is the most common type of local law enforcement agency
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municipal police
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this type of police work emphasizes police-initiated activities by the individual officer and the department
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proactive police work
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this group of citizens patrolled at night looking for fires and other problems
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nightwatch
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what was the name of the 1st detective unit created in England
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Bow Street Runners
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which of the following statements is true of the disorder-control theory
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the police were created to control mob violence
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what is the word, from Spanish origin, that means "watchman" or "guard"?
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vigilante
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To explain the development of police
departments, which theory suggests that increases in criminal activity created a climate of fear and a need for a new type of police? |
crime-control theory
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What federal agency is responsible for
investigating counterfeiting? |
US secret service
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this is the landmark case for stop and frisk
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Terry v. Ohio
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In this case, the Supreme Court determined that
seizures incident to pretextual stops of vehicles are not unreasonable |
Whren v. US
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this case applied the exclusionary rule to the states
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Mapp v. Ohio
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this case ruled that in the situation of consent searches it much be demonstrated that consent was voluntarily given and not coerced by the police
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Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
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the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule is from
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U.S. v. Leon
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this case has limited the scope of the Belton rule regarding vehicle stops and searches of the vehicle
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Arizona v. Grant
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This approach emphasizes the necessity of
tailoring crime prevention responses to the specific characteristics of the crime problem being addressed – it rejects any one-size-fits-all thinking. |
situational crime prevention
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what is true about the aim of problem-oriented policing?
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The aim of problem-oriented policing is to identify and reduce all kinds of chronic crime and disorder problems.
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what is true of the broken-windows thesis?
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Foot patrol officers have more opportunity than motor patrol officers to control street disorder and reassure ordinary citizens.
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This method seeks improvement in doors, windows, locks, alarms, and lighting that make illegal entry into homes more difficult and more time-consuming
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target hardening
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what does CPTED stand for?
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crime prevention through environmental design
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four steps of the SARA problem-solving process
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scanning, analysis, response and assessment
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concept of zero tolerance policing
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Zero- tolerance policing was made to promote the broken-windows theory. Officers target a minor crime to make a point that such behavior is not tolerable.
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what is the process of arranging personnel and physical resources to carry out plans and accomplish goals and objectives?
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organizing
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who among the following conduct overall goal formulation and make policy decisions regarding allocation of resources?
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top managers
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directing individuals to achieve organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner is known as what?
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management
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this is the process of motivating others to perform various tasks that will contribute to the accomplishment of goals and objectives
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leading
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what is the name of the strategy in which officers aggressively target minor crime in order to send a signal that such behavior will not be tolerated?
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zero-tolerance policing
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what are the three major influences that affect the development of police goals?
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community
individual organizational |
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what was the management system developed in japan in an effort to help revitalize japanese industries?
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total quality management
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t or f
Public Information Officers are the personnel responsible for informing the other officers about the changes in the law and the new case law. |
false
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this occurs when an organization adopts new ideas or behaviors
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organizational change
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they have the most direct influence over the day-to-day activities of street officers
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sergeants
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possibly the earliest transition from traditional to community policing was in what city?
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Madison, Wisconsin
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Research results with respect to high level of community policing implementation showed that officers who value internal needs for personal growth will do what?
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benefit from a community policing enriched job design
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which of the following is a primary obstacle to change?
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misunderstandings
balance of power group norms (all of the above) |
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what is the most important successful innovation?
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effective and energetic leadership from the office of the chief
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Based upon the findings from the Madison experiment, successful implementation of community policing can be directly tied to the amount of change made toward
what? |
higher educational standards
participatory management decentralized organization |
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what is the term for the development and use of new ideas and methods?
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innovation
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This is the process of providing a general body of knowledge on which decisions can be based as to why something is being done while performing the job.
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education
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what is the purpose of in-service training?
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to provide regular updating of all members of the department
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What term is defined as the focus on the process that establishes correct and valid thinking patterns?
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cognitive learning
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this court case upheld the standard requirement that police applicants not have recent or excessive histories of marijuana use
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davis v. city of dallas
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this court case upheld drug-testing requirements and the rejection of applicants who tested positive for narcotics
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Shield Club v. City of Clevelnad
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this court case ruled that selection and promotion tests must be shown to be related to job performance
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Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody
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in this case, the Supreme Court upheld the police department's requirement of 45 hours of college credit for applicants
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Davis v. City of Dallas
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in the San Diego study of one- or two officer cars, what did the research conclude?
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one-person cars produced more arrests
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Intensive, short-term increases in officer presence and arrests for specific types of offenses or for all offenses in specific areas defines what term?
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NOTTTT
directed patrol risk management or hot spots |
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In response to the results of the Minneapolis Domestic Violence study, what did police departments implement?
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mandatory-arrest policies
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what are the 2 primary functions of police field operations?
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patrol and investigation
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t or f
order maintenance may or may not involve a violation of the law |
true
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t or f
answering a 911 call is a proactive approach by police |
false
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t or f
quality-of-life policing targets the reduction of physical and social disorder in order to reduce serious crime |
true
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t or f
Cognitive learning is training that goes beyond a specific skill or task and instead focuses on the process that establishes correct and valid thinking patterns. |
true
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t or f
With the complex nature of the police role and the need to use discretion wisely, increased emphasis should be placed on using pedagogical methods of instruction |
false
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t or f
With the Chicago experience, rather than forming special community policing units, the whole department would change. |
true
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t or f
inertia refers to the development and use of new ideas and methods |
false
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t or f
Leading is the process of preparing for the future by setting goals and objectives and developing courses of action for accomplishing them. |
false
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the foundation for TQM lies in what?
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quality control techniques
the process of continuous improvement |
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In the varieties of police behavior, this style affords the officer a great deal of latitude in how to handle certain problems. It may include doing nothing at all.
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watchman style
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in this policing style, the police see themselves as providing a product that the community wants
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service style
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this investigative body looked at corruption in the NYC PD in the 60s and 70s
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Knapp Commission
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what transpires in the selection process, the training program, and teaching about policies and procedures is part of what?
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formal socialization
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In Van Maanen's 1973 study on the making of a policeman, this stage involves the police academy experience.
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introduction
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In the typology of deviant officers, these officers are honest but willing to overlook some of the indiscretions of other officers.
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straight-shooters
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In the typology of deviant officers, these officers actively seek out opportunities for corruption
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meat-eaters
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in this type of drug corruption, the officer plants drugs on the suspect
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subjugation of a defendants rights
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t or f
meat eaters are police officers who accept graft when it comes their way but do not actively pursue opportunities for graft |
false
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t or f
According to Van Maanen, it is during the introduction stage that the officer adjusts to the reality of police work. |
false
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t or f
in the service style, the police view themselves as law enforcers |
false
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t or f
A Gratuity is the acceptance of something of value, most common are coffee, beverages, meals -- free or at a reduced rate |
true
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The use of force by police may conflict with community standards. In this conflict the law and departmental policy may consider the police use of force appropriate, but a substantial segment of the community does not. What type of conflict is this?
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type 1 conflict
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In this type of conflict, conflict occurs when there are differences between the law and departmental policy. What type of conflict is this?
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type 2 conflict
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What is defined as violence of a degree that is more than that justified to effect a legitimate police function?
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excessive force
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From 1949 to 1990, as a rough estimate, how many people were killed by the police?
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13,000
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There are a number of factors that influence the use of deadly force. The neighborhood where the police do their work is an example of what factor?
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environmental variations
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This authorized the use of deadly force when a suspect of a serious crime was attempting to run from the police
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fleeing-felon rule
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Under the use-of-force continuum, this operates on the assumption that the visible authority of the state is sufficient to deter criminal wrongdoing
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mere presence
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t or f
the police use of force must involve some type of physical contact |
false
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t or f
Defense-of-life shooting policies generally restrict the use of deadly force to situations in which the officer’s life, or another person’s, is in jeopardy of to prevent the escape of a person who is extremely dangerous. |
true
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t or f
The shooting of unarmed, nonviolent suspects has been ruled by the Supreme Court to be a violation of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution |
false
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t or f
An officer’s assignment appears to be a much more important predictor of the use of deadly force than age, intelligence, and educational background |
true
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t or f
Generally, the police can legally use trickery and deception as long as their methods do not involve coercion or improper promises |
true
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t or f
mere presene is the lowest level of force on the continuum of force |
true
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t or f
According to the 2005 Police-Public Contact Survey, over 43 million citizens had face-to-face contact with a police officer. |
true
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From an ethical perspective, what do we call that which is considered good that varies with the particular values of the group and individuals?
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ethical relativism
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According to this ethical perspective, it is the results of one’s actions that determine what is moral and good
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ethical utilitarianism
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According to this ethical perspective, which of the following places a moral worth on doing one’s duty, of going by the book?
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ethical formalism
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a ______ identifies the methods or steps to be taken when performing a task
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procedure
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t or f
Lockers at the police station, a police car, and other elements of on-duty performance are protected by the Fourth Amendment during an internal investigation. |
false
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t or f
the 4th amendment guarantees apply to police officers at home and off duty |
true
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t or f
illegally obtained evidence may be used against the police in disciplinary hearings |
true
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t or f
Under utilitarianism, what is good is that which results in the greatest benefit for the greatest number |
true
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t or f
a small number of police officers receive a disproportionate number of complaints |
true
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t or f
Generally speaking, if an unlawful search of a police officer occurs during an internal investigation, the fruits of that search cannot be used in the disciplinary hearing. |
false
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1st woman police officer ?
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lola baldwin
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performance of women officers compared to men
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women are equally as effective as men in performing patrol work
women are less aggressive, make fewer arrests however are more effective than men in defusing potential violent situations |
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Detroit Police Officers' v. Young
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preferential treatment treatment had been granted to blacks solely on the basis of race and that the police therefore discriminated against all others
(Detroit PD adopted a policy of promoting one black officer to sergeant for each white officer promoted) |
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U.S v. Paradise
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us supreme court upheld racial quotas as a means of reversing past discrimination.
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sexual harassment definition
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unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct that enters into employment decisions and conduct that unreasonably interferes with an individuals work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment
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quid pro quo harassment
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requires the employee to choose between the job and the sexual demands. once equal access to employment opportunities are blocked for refusing the demands.
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hostile work environment harassment
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occurs when unwelcome conduct is so severe or pervasive that it interferes with a person's job. unlike quad quo, which usually occurs as an isolated incident or single offending act, a hostile work environment usually include repeated incidents or a series of events.
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physiological stress
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deals w biological effects inn the individual including increased heart disease, high blood pressure, and ulcers
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psychological stress
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is much less clear and more difficult to evaluate
anxiety |
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what are the two main types of stress
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eustress and disstress
eustress is positive stress disstress is negative |
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two forms of distress may affect police behavior
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acute stress
chronic stress |
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acute stress
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high-order emergency or sudden stress, such as shootings or high-speed chases
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chronic stress
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low-level, gradual stress that includes the day-t0-day routine of the job
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5 categories of police stressors
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1. police work itself
2. the police organization 3. the criminal justice system 4. the public or community 5. personal life and family |
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primary circumstance for officers killed
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an arrest situation
i.e during robberies or burglaries or pursuing suspects, drug related matters and other arrests |
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officers are more likely to be injured during an assault when
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1. more than one officer was assaulted
2. suspects used bodily force rather than a weapon 3. there was a single assailant 4. suspects were under arrest, attempting to escape, or fighting upon arrival |
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police officers who are accidentally killed and the circumstances
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automobile accident is the leading circumstance.
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highest assault rate found in
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southern states
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perceived danger
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relates to the individual's or public's belief about danger in police work
influenced by media coverage, television, movies, books and actual experiences of officers |
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potential danger
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relates to those situations that could become dangerous for an officer for example a felony car stop or investigating a suspicious circumstance
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actual danger
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involves the actual number and rates of injuries and deaths that result from accidents and attacks from citizens
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august vollmer
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campaigned for police courses in high education and the need for college-educated personal
looked at the enormous increase in crime rate and inner city riots |
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Castro v. Beecher
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the requirement of a high school education by the Boston PD was affirmed
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Arnold v. Ballard
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supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated in stating such requirements "indicate a measure of accomplishment and ability which is essential for performance as a police officer"
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Davis v City of Dallas
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the court upheld a challenge to the Dallas PD's requirement of 45 smelter units (equivalent to one and a half years of college) with a minimum of a C average from an accredited university
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concerns w high education requirments
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if minority group members do not have equal access to high education, such requirement could be held discriminatory by the courts
any job requirements then must not only be job-related but also nondiscriminatory. |
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USA Patriot Act
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gives federal officials greater authority to track and intercept communications
vests the Secretary of the Treasury w regulatory powers to combat corruption of U.S financial institutions for foreign money-laudering purposes further close our borders to foreign terrorists and to detain and remove those within our borders creates new crimes, new penalties and new procedural efficiencies for use against domestic and international terrorists |
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Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
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the U.S. Supreme Court held that the use of a professionally developed examination (for intelligence) could not be used if it had a discriminatory effect. If a selection practice excludes minorities or women (even though not intended to do so) and connote be shown to be job validated, it is prohibited.
once a police department has been judged to engage in a discriminatory practice, the department must indicate to the court that the practice (or requirement) is job related |