Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
337 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
authoritarian/ autocratic |
characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule
|
|
|
democracy
|
gov't by the people |
|
|
equality of income
|
shrinking "the gap" between rich and poor
|
|
|
ethnicity
|
affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
|
|
|
European Union (EU)
|
organization for economic, social, and security cooperation among European nations |
|
|
Externalities
|
a cost that isn't borne by the producer or consumer (ie highways, prisons) can be positive or negative |
|
|
Globalization
|
the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade outsources and loss local jobs are a consequence |
|
|
Governments
|
organizations of individuals who have the power to make decisions on behalf of a particular community
|
|
|
gross domestic product (gdp)
|
The total output of all economic activity in the nation, including goods and services.
|
|
|
human rights
|
the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings
|
|
|
libertarianism
|
The political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income
|
|
|
military dictatorships
|
authoritarian governments whose domination of society is held in place by the unified strength of armed soldiers.
|
|
|
Nation
|
a group of people with a common identity
|
|
|
nation-states
|
national identification and political authority coincide
|
|
|
oligarchy
|
"rule by the few"
|
|
|
party dictatorships
|
authoritarian, undemocratic political system that is controlled by one party.
|
|
|
personal dictatorships
|
authoritarian regime that is based on the power of a single strong leader who usually relies on charismatic or traditional authority to maintain power
|
|
|
political culture
|
public's expectations towards the political process and its role within the process
|
|
|
political system
|
social system with i) a set of interdependent parts and ii) boundaries towards its environment that makes authoritative, public decisions
|
|
|
public goods
|
A product that one individual can consume without reducing its availability to another individual and from which no one is excluded. National defense, sewer systems, public parks and basic television and radio broadcasts could all be considered public goods. non-rival-ones consumption does not affect anothers consuption non-excludable-no one can be exculded from it |
|
|
religious fundamentalism
|
movement to return to the foundations of the faith
|
|
|
rent-seeking
|
using the gov't to reap benefits unfairly at the public's expense
|
|
|
sovereignty
|
independent legal authority over a population in a particular territory based on self-determination |
|
|
state
|
aka country, a particular type of political system |
|
|
state of nature
|
condition of humankind if no government existed
|
|
|
totalitarian system
|
the gov't constricts the rights and privacy of its citizens in a severe manner
|
|
|
United Nations (UN)
|
an organization of the world's countries that promotes peace and security around the globe
|
|
|
vested interests
|
those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo
|
|
|
democratization
|
latest move towards democracy
|
|
|
conceptual framework
|
a set of concepts
|
|
|
data
|
a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn |
|
|
distribution
|
a political system giving benefits and services to various groups in the population |
|
|
environment
|
Setting
|
|
|
Extraction |
extraxtion of resources like taxes etc..... output of policy decisions |
|
|
functions
|
Part of a structure that performs a task
|
|
|
General
|
Intersubjective
|
|
|
Hypothesis
|
Explanations that have not yet been proven
|
|
|
Inputs
|
labor, machinery, buildings, and other resources used to produce output
|
|
|
interdependence
|
a relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services
|
|
|
interest aggregation
|
the combination of demands into policy proposal backed by resources
|
|
|
interest articulation
|
individuals and groups expressing their needs
|
|
|
intersubjective
|
understood and used in the same way by different subjects
|
|
|
outcomes
|
the result of policy in a system
|
|
|
outputs
|
goods and services (provided by a system)
|
|
|
policy adjudication
|
settling disputes about a policies application
|
|
|
policy implementation
|
carrying out and enforcing public policy
|
|
|
policy level
|
what the differences in structure do for the interests, needs, and aspirations of people
|
|
|
policymaking
|
deciding which policy proposals become authoritative rules
|
|
|
political communication
|
the flow of information through society and the various structures that make up the political system |
|
|
political recruitment
|
the selection of people for political activity in government offices
|
|
|
political socialization
|
families,schools,media, churches, and all various political structures that develop the attitudes of political significance in a society
|
|
|
process functions
|
distinctive activities necessary for policy to be made and implement
|
|
|
regulation
|
the act of controlling or directing according to rule
|
|
|
structural-functional approach
|
in different countries the same structure may preform different functions-institutions often do not have a monopoly on any one functions helps us compare different political systems |
|
|
Structures
|
Institutions or agencies that preform functions
|
|
|
system functions
|
fundamental important to the political system but not directly concerned with the making and implementation of public policy
|
|
|
theories
|
Formulated and supported statements about relationships
|
|
|
variables
|
factors that can change in an experiment
|
|
|
Political system
|
Set of institutions concerned with formulating and implementing the collective goals of a society involved in making of authoritative public decisions |
|
|
agents of political socialization
|
...individuals organizations and institutions that influence political attitudes
|
|
|
direct socialization
|
...an actor explicitly communicating information values or feelings towards politics
|
|
|
fundamentalism
|
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
|
|
|
indirect socialization
|
...when political views are inadvertently molded by our experiences
|
|
|
legitimacy
|
traditionally: inheritance or commitment to religious customs-modern: fair elections, gov't procedure people obey laws in return the government meets the obligations set by the terms of legitimacy |
|
|
Marketization |
...an increase public acceptance of free markets and private profits incentives rather than government manages economy |
|
|
Modernization
|
The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions influences of science where social and economic modernization occurs it transforms the political cultures to emphasize self expression, participatory values, and autonomy |
|
|
political solcialization
|
.the way in which political values are formed and transmitted from one generation to the next
|
|
|
political subcultures
|
develop when a country is deeply divided in its political values and this differences persist over time |
|
|
what is politics |
politics deals with human decisions that are public and authoritative and take place in a society or community |
|
|
private sphere |
actions within this so not bind to anyone outside of the group and are not controlled by the government friends and family |
|
|
public sphere |
deals with collective decisions that extend beyond the individual and private life |
|
|
different government have a different balance of |
public and private spheres |
|
|
Hobbes |
pessimist thought we needed a government that controlled all the power, strong government power resting on one person or an assembly of people men are warprone by nature |
|
|
Rousseau |
believed that men were born free government creates the corrupt of mankind government is the source of power and inequality State of Nature" before the fall of mankind" |
|
|
John Locke |
Favored limited government created a social contract for protecting property and promote economic growth humans are less warprone and more business like |
|
|
why do we need government? |
create and maintain a community in which people feel safe security and order protecting rights promoting economic efficiency and growth social justice protecting the weak |
|
|
how does government create and maintain a community |
teaching a common language instilling common norms and values creating myths and symbols supporting a national identity
|
|
|
how does government protect |
externally from other political systems internally from members of society |
|
|
promoting economic efficiency and growth |
providing public goods controlling externalities promote fair competition in economic markets |
|
|
social justice |
redistributing the wealth and other resources
|
|
|
protection the weak |
disabled, young, old, unborn, animals |
|
|
how does government pose problems |
destruction of community violation of basic rights economic inefficiency government for private gain vested interests and inertia |
|
|
government descruction of community |
imposing an order based on coercion, heirarchy and the threat of force |
|
|
government violation of basic human rights |
political persecution(nazi) |
|
|
government economic inefficiency |
distort and restrict a states economic potential |
|
|
government for private gain |
government officials make desicions to benefit themselves personally |
|
|
rents |
benefits created through gocernment intervention in the economy |
|
|
vested interests |
government created private gains are difficult to change or abolish due to vested interests |
|
|
political sturcutes in the political system |
political parties executives interest groups legislatures courts bureaucracies |
|
|
external soverignty |
rights to make binding agreements with other states |
|
|
internal soverignty |
right to make political decisions having to do with ones own citizens |
|
|
diversity in states |
vary in size, histories, institutions, cultures, religions, economies, and social structures |
|
|
challenges in building a community |
fostering a common identity language religious differences
|
|
|
2 forces transforming political systems |
fostering economic development fostering democracy |
|
|
fostering economic development |
cant satisfy its citizens unless it can foster development citzens can enjoy new resources and opportunites |
|
|
problems of economic development |
uneven distribution of resources and opportunites common cause of political conflict rapid population growth can challenge policies environmental costs |
|
|
larger democracy |
elections competitive political parites free mass media representative assemblies
|
|
|
causes of democratization |
economic development social modernization |
|
|
consequences of democratization |
fail to produce stable institutions and effective public policies no guarentee of human and civil rights |
|
|
system functions |
political socialization political recruitment political communication |
|
|
process functions |
interest articulation interest aggregation policymaking policy implementation and adjudication
|
|
|
policy fuctions |
extraction regulation distribution outcomes of the policys |
|
|
policy performance |
outcomes of a political system extractions, distributions, regulations, and symbolic acts |
|
|
legitimacy problems |
the public disputes the boundaries of the political system rejects the current arrangements for recruiting leaders and making policies or losses confidence that the leaders are fulfilling their part of the political bargain |
|
|
steps in policy making process |
problem recognition agenda setting policy formulation policy adoption policy implementation policy evaluation |
|
|
agenda setting |
governmental recognition that a problem is worthy of consideration for governmental action movement of an issue from the systematic to the institutional agenda
|
|
|
agenda |
set of issues to be discussed or given attention |
|
|
systematic agenda |
a discussion agenda every political community has one consists of all issues viewed as requiring public attention and as involving matters within the legitimate jurisdiction of governments |
|
|
governmental or institutional agenda |
includes only problems to which public officials feel obliged to devote active and serious attention |
|
|
policy formulation |
identification of alternative approaches to addressing the problems placed on the governments agenda
|
|
|
parts of policy formulation |
political components technical component routine formulation analogous formulation creative formulation |
|
|
policy adoption |
the approval of a policy proposed by people with the requisite authority, such as legislature |
|
|
political component |
determining what should be done to address the problem |
|
|
technical component |
correcting stating in specific language what one wants to authorize or accomplish, to adequately guide who must implement policy and to prevent distortion of legislative intent |
|
|
routine formulation |
process of altering existing policy proposals or creating new proposals within an issue area the government has previously addressed |
|
|
analogous formulation |
handles new problems by drawing on experiences with similar problems in the past EX: what has been done in the past to cope with terrorists |
|
|
creative formulation |
involves atempts to develop new or unprecedented proposals that represent a departure from existing practices and that will better resolve a problem
|
|
|
policy implementation |
the process of carrying out public policy
|
|
|
parts of policy implementation |
authoritative techniques incentive techniques capacity techniques hortatory techniques
|
|
|
authoritative techniques |
rest on the notion that peoples actions must be directed or restrained by the government in order to prevent or eliminate activities or products that use unsafe unfair evil or immoral |
|
|
incentive techniques |
encourage people to act in their own best interest by ordering payoffs or financial inducements for compliance with public policies |
|
|
capacity techniguess |
provides people information, education, training, or resources that enable them to participate in desired activities |
|
|
hortatory techniques |
encourage people to comply with policy by appealing to their "better instincts" and thereby directing them to act in desired ways |
|
|
policy evaluation |
the determination of a policy accomplishments, consequences, or shortcomings ineffective will likely restart the policy process |
|
|
public policy |
principled guide to action taken by administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs |
|
|
theories of public policy formulation |
elite theory bureaucratic theory interest group pluralist perspective theory
|
|
|
elite theory |
all societies are divided into elites and masses the elites have the power to make and implement policy while the masses simply respond to the desires of the elites elite theorists believe that an unequal distribution of power in society is normal and inevitable |
|
|
bureaucratic theory |
all institutions governmental and nongovernmental have fallen under the control of a large and ever growing bureaucracy that carries out policy using standardized procedures |
|
|
interst group |
interest groups control the governmental process interest group theorists believe that so many potential pressure points are in the three branches of the national government as well as at the state level that interest groups can step in on any number of competing sides the government then becomes the equilibrium point in the system as it mediates among competing interests |
|
|
pluralist perspective theory |
political resources in the united states are scattered so widely that no single group could ever gain monopoly control over any substantial area of policy participants in every political controversy gain something thus some impact on how political decisions are made the downside is that because governments in the united states rarely say no to any well organized interest what is good for the public at large often tends to lose out in the american system |
|
|
policy evaluation can be completed by |
congressional committes presidential commissions the courts university researchers private research organizations government accountability office |
|
|
political science |
studies the human political decisions |
|
|
private sphere |
what happens within families and among friends |
|
|
public sphere |
collective decisions that extend beyond the individual and private life, involving governmental action different systems have different balances of public and private spheres |
|
|
politics |
deals with human decisions activites associated with the control of public decisions among a given people and in a given territory |
|
|
thomas hobbes |
pessimist thought we had to have government where it has all the power favored a strong government-one person or an assembly having power in the state of nature men have no pleasure and are in eternal conflict of all against all |
|
|
rousseau |
thought that government corrupted mankind state of nature as "before the fall of mankind" man is born free government is the source of power and inequality |
|
|
john locke |
humans are less war prone and more business like government to protect property and promote economic growth limited government |
|
|
why do we need government |
1.create and maintain a community in which people can feel safe and comfortable -common language,common norms and values and myths and symbols, supporting a national identity 2.security and order -protecting against external and internal danger 3.protecting rights 4.promoting economic efficiency and growth -providing public goods,controlling externalities, promote fair competition in economic markets 5. social justice -redistributing the wealth 6.protecting the weak -disabled, old, young, unborn |
|
|
when does government become a problem |
1.destruction of community- imposing order based on coercion, hierarchy, the threat of force 2.violation of basic rights 3.economic inefficiency-distort or restrict a states economic potential 4.government for private gain- gov officials make decisions to bebefit themselves 5.vested interests and inertia-gov created private gains are hard to abolish or change |
|
|
political system |
involved in making authoritative public decisions collection of related interacting institutions and agencies |
|
|
state |
particular type of political system government system in place |
|
|
sovereighty |
independent legal authority over a population in a territory |
|
|
external sovereighty |
right to make binding agreements with other states |
|
|
internal soverighty |
right to make political decisions having to do with ones own citizens |
|
|
nation |
group of people often living in common territory who have a common identity |
|
|
nation states |
single or multiple nationalities joined together in a formal political union forms a common national identity
|
|
|
globalization |
states become more open to and dependent on one anonother outsourcing and loss of local jobs are consequences |
|
|
challenges in building a political community |
instilling a shared national identity fostering economic and social development advancing democracy and civil liberties |
|
|
common identity |
conflicts over national ethnic or religious identites cause the most political turmoil |
|
|
multinational |
multiple nations in one state |
|
|
ethnicity |
common physical traits, languages, cultures, or histories |
|
|
two forces transforming political systems |
fostering economic development fostering democracy,human rights, and civil liberties |
|
|
why is fostering economic evelopment important |
cant sataisfy citizens unless it can foster development citizens can enjoy new recources and opportunities improve living conditions through economic growth, providing jobs and raising income standards |
|
|
gross domestic product |
measure of national economic ddevelopment |
|
|
problems of economic development |
uneven distribution of resources and opportunities common cause of political conflict rapid population growth can challenge policies environmental costs |
|
|
democratization |
enhancement of human rights and the expansion of freedom |
|
|
democracy |
political system in which citizens enjoy a number of basic civil and political rights an leaders are elected in free fair elections |
|
|
how democracy works in large communities |
elections, masss media, competitive political parties and representative assembalies |
|
|
authoritarian |
policy makers are chosen by military councils, hereditary families, dominant political parties |
|
|
oligarchies |
rule by the few |
|
|
totalitarian |
government constricts the rights and privacy of its cite=zens |
|
|
causes of democratization |
economic development and social modernization |
|
|
social modernization |
transforms political values and political culture of the public |
|
|
economic and democratization |
creates autonomous political groups expands political skills of citizens creates economic complexity that encourages systems of selfgovernance |
|
|
consequences of democratization |
fail to produce stable institutions and effective public policies no guarentee of human and civil rights |
|
|
have authoritative and coercive powers |
government |
|
|
regimes |
types of government |
|
|
government or state capacity |
formal boundaries established for legitimate government intervention ability to raise taxes and fund policy initiatives workload they are capable of undertaking or implementing |
|
|
6 political structures |
courts, political parties, interest groups, legislatures, executives, bureaucracies |
|
|
political structures allow |
government to formulate, implement, and enforce policies |
|
|
policies |
reflect the goals and agencies provide means to achieve them |
|
|
process functions |
lists the distinctive activites necessary for policy to be made and implemented in any kind of political system |
|
|
types of process functions |
interest aggregation interest articulation policymaking policy implementation and adjudication |
|
|
system functions |
help determine whether the system will be maintained or changes |
|
|
types of system functions |
political socilization political recruitment political communication |
|
|
policy functions |
outputs of political system extraction, regulation, distribution |
|
|
domestic environment |
economic and social systems, political culture all uncontrollable forces originating in the home country that surround a influence the firms life and development |
|
|
international environment |
exchanges amoung countries, interdependence and globalization |
|
|
policitcal goods |
conditions, outputs, outcomes, people may value |
|
|
key elements of political culture |
system level process level policy level |
|
|
system level |
how people view the values and organizations that comprise the political system -pride in nation -national identity -legitimacy of government |
|
|
process level |
expectations of the political rules and decision making methods and individuals relationship with government -role of citizens -perceptions of political rights |
|
|
policy level |
public policy expectations for the government, what should the policy goals be?how are they to be achieved? -role of government -government policy priorities |
|
|
political culture |
public attitudes towards politics and thier role within the political system |
|
|
why does political culture matter |
1.encapsulates the histry, traditions, and values of a society 2.distribution of cultural patterns is typically related to the type of political process that citizens expect and support 3.influences the style of politics and the content of policy making 4.divide nations and regions of the world 5.can create the common political community that is the goal of the government |
|
|
consensual political culture |
citizens generally agree on the norms of political decision making and thier policy expectations |
|
|
conflictual political cultures |
because of differences in histories, conditions, or identities citizens are sharply divided often on both legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems |
|
|
political socialization |
way in which political values are formed and political culture is transmitted from one generation to the next |
|
|
direct socialization |
involves an actor explecitly communicating information, values, or feelings towards politics |
|
|
indirect socialization |
political views are inadvertently molded by our experiences parents friends teachers etc |
|
|
key agents of socialization |
family social groups and identities schools peer groups interest groups political groups mass media direct contact with the government |
|
|
normatively legitimate |
people over which it claims authority ought to obey its rules |
|
|
empirically legitimate |
to the extend the people over which it claims authority actually believe that they ought to obey its rules/laws |
|
|
ideology |
political ideology is a coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and idividuals |
|
|
four function of ideologies |
explanation evaluation orientation political program |
|
|
explanation |
ideologies can offer reasons why social and political conditions are the way they are, especially in a time of crisis |
|
|
evaluation |
ideologies can provide standards for evaluating social conditions and political institutions and events |
|
|
orientation |
much like a compass, ideologies provide individuals with an orientation toward issues and a position within the world |
|
|
political program |
ideologies help people make political choices and guide their political actions |
|
|
direct democracy |
system of government where members of the polity meet to discuss all policy decisions and then agree by majority rule |
|
|
indirect democracy |
citizens opportunity to vote for representatives who work on their behalf |
|
|
republic |
a government rooted in the consent of the governed , a representative or indirect democracy |
|
|
values emphasized by the US political culture |
liberty and equality majority rule, popular consent, pop soverignty individualism religious faith an freedom |
|
|
political equality |
the principle that all citizens are the same in the eyes of the law |
|
|
popular consent |
the principle that governments must draw their power from the consent of the governed |
|
|
majority rule |
the central premise in direct democracy that only policies with the majority of votes will be turned into laws |
|
|
popular sovereighty |
notion that ultimate authority in society rests with the people |
|
|
conservative |
one who favors limited government interaction |
|
|
social conservative |
believes the government should support and further traditional moral teachings |
|
|
liberal |
one who favors greater governmental internentions |
|
|
moderate |
a person who takes a middle view point in politics |
|
|
statist |
one who believes in extensive governmental control of personal and economc liberties |
|
|
libertarian |
one who believes in limited governmental interference of personal and economic liberties |
|
|
personal liberty |
the freedom of the individual to do as he pleases limited only by the authority of politically organized society to regulate his action to secure the public health, safety, or morals or of other recognized social interests |
|
|
mercantilism |
economic theory designed to increase a nations wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade |
|
|
reasons for revolting from british rule |
sugar act stamp act quartering act feared these taxes would set a precedent for british rule |
|
|
stamp act of congress |
meeting of representatives of 9/13 colonies held in NYC drafted a document sent to the king stating all the things he was voilating |
|
|
townshed act |
imposed taxes on all kinds of imports, including tea |
|
|
boston massacre |
5 colonists killed parliment lifted all taxes except on tea |
|
|
committees of corresponence |
organizations each of the colonies created to keep colonists informed on the developments with britain |
|
|
first continental congress |
56 delegtes met in philadelphia created a declaration of rights and reserves king refuse and 8 colonists were killed "shot heard around the world" |
|
|
2nd continental congress |
olive branch petition asking king to end hostilities |
|
|
common sense |
article written by thomas paine arguing for independence from britain |
|
|
declaration of independence |
1776 proclaimed the right of seperation set out reasons for seperation |
|
|
articles of confederation |
compact between the 13 colonies that created a lose league of friendship with the national government drawing its powers from the state |
|
|
confederation |
type of government in which national government gets power from the states |
|
|
problems with that articles of confederation |
no coercive power over states no power to tax failure to provide a strong central government no executive branch to carry out laws no judicial branch didn't allow congress to regulate commerce |
|
|
shays rebellion |
army of 1500 angry farmers forcibly restrained the state court from forclosing their mortgages on their farms |
|
|
virginia plan |
powerful central government with 3 branches 2 house legislature, one elected by the poeple, the other choosen frfom among the persons nominated by state legislature legislative with the power to select the executive and judicary |
|
|
new jersey plan |
strengthening the articles:not replacing them one house leg with 1 vote for each state with represenatives chosen by state leg giving congress the power to raise revenue from duties on imports and postal service fes creating supreme court with members appointed for life by the executive |
|
|
great compromise |
final decision of the constitutional convention to create a 2 house leg with one house elected by the people with powers divided between the 2 houses and made national law supreme |
|
|
3/5 compromise |
slave counts as 3/5 of a person |
|
|
great compromise set up |
1 house population dependent 1 house equal vote national law supreme |
|
|
seperation of powers |
a way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each staffed seperately, with equality and independence of each branch ensured by the constitution |
|
|
checks and balances |
a constitutionally mandated structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of others |
|
|
federal system |
system of government in which the national government and state government share power and derive all authority from the people |
|
|
legislative branch powers |
pass all federal laws pass federal budget declare war establish lower federal courts and the number of judges |
|
|
executive branch powers |
enforce federal laws and court orders propose legislation to congress make foreign treaties nominate officers of the US government and federal judges serve as commander in chief of the armed forces pardon people convicted in federal courts or grants reprieves |
|
|
judicial branch |
interpret federal laws and US constitution review the decisions of lower state and federal courts |
|
|
legislative checks on the judicial |
change the number and jurisdiction of federal courts impeach federal judges propose constitutional amendments to overrie judicial decisions |
|
|
executive checks on the judicial |
appoint federal judges refuse to implement decisions |
|
|
legislative checks on the executive |
impeach the president reject legislation or funding the president wants refuse to confirm nominees or approve treaties override the presidents veto by 2/3 vote |
|
|
executive checks on the legislature |
veto leg call congress into special session implement laws passed by congress |
|
|
judicial checks on the executive |
declare executive branch actions unconstitutional chief justice presides over impeachment trials |
|
|
judicial checks on the legislature |
rule federal and state laws unconstitutional |
|
|
federalists |
those who favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed US constitution: later became the first us political party |
|
|
full faith and credit clause |
section and artice IV of the constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforcebale in any other state |
|
|
supremacy clause |
mandating that national law is supreme to all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision of governement |
|
|
enumerated powers |
the powers of the national government specifically granted to congress in article1 section 8 |
|
|
necessary and proper clause |
gives congress the authority to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the constitution |
|
|
implied powers |
the powers of the national government derived rom the enumerated powers and necessary and proper clause |
|
|
anti-federalists |
those who favored a strong state government and a weal national government opposed ratification of the us constitution |
|
|
the federalist papers |
a series of eighty five political essays written by alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay in support of ratification of the us constitution |
|
|
bill of rights |
the first ten amendments to the US constitution which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties |
|
|
article 1 |
vests all legislative powers in the congress and establishes a bicameral legislature house of representatives and senate grants enumerated powers necessary and proper clause implied powers |
|
|
article 2 |
vests the executive power sets presidents terms and electoral college qualifications for office and mechanism to replace presient in case of dealth, disability, or removal from office powers and duties of president provides steps to remove president upon treason, bribery, or high crimes
|
|
|
article 3 |
establishes a supreme court and defines its jurisdiction US supreme court assumes power to settle disputes between states or between states and national government supreme court interpret the constitution actually meant |
|
|
article 4 |
full faith and credit clause mechanisms for admitting new states to the union |
|
|
article 5 |
specifies how amendments can be added to the constitution |
|
|
article 6 |
supremacy clause no religious test shall be required for holding office |
|
|
article 7 |
procedures for ratifying the new constitution |
|
|
1st amendment |
prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, freedom of the press, right to peaceably assemble, right to petition |
|
|
2nd amendment |
protects the right to keep and bear arms |
|
|
3rd amendment |
prohibits quartering of soldiers in private homes without owneres consent during peacetimes |
|
|
4th amendment |
prohibits unnreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause as determined by neutral judge or magistrate |
|
|
amendment 5 |
sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process and prohibits self incrimination and double jeopardy |
|
|
6th amendment |
protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, including the rights to be notified of the accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel |
|
|
7th amendment |
provides for the right to trial by jury in centrain civil cases, according to common law
|
|
|
8th amendment |
prohibits excessive fines nd excessive bail as well as cruel and unusual punishment |
|
|
9th amendment |
protects rights not enumerated in the constitution |
|
|
10 amendment |
reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the constitution |
|
|
11th amendment |
makes states immune from suits from out of states citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity |
|
|
12 amendment |
revises presidential election procedure s |
|
|
13th amendment |
abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime |
|
|
14th amendment |
defines citizenship, contains the privileges or immunities clause, due process clause, the equal protection clause, and deals with post civil war issues |
|
|
15th amendment |
prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitue |
|
|
16th amendment |
permits congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the US census |
|
|
17th amendment |
establishes the direct election of US senators by popular vote |
|
|
18th amendment |
prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the US |
|
|
19th amendment |
prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex |
|
|
20th amendment |
changes the date on which the terms of the president and vice president and senators and representatives end and begin |
|
|
21th amendment |
repeals the 18th amendment and prohibits the transportation or importation into the US of alcohol for delivery or use in violation of applicable laws |
|
|
22nd amendment |
limits the number of times that a person can be elected president, a person cannot be elected president more than twice and a person who served more than 2 year of a term that somone else was elected cannot be elected more than onces |
|
|
23rd amendment |
grants the district of columbia electors in the elector college |
|
|
24th amendment |
prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non payment of a poll tax |
|
|
25th amendment |
addresses succession to the presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president as well as responding to presidential disabilities |
|
|
26th amendment |
prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens eighteen years of age or older to vote on account of age |
|
|
27th amendment |
delays laws affecting congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives |
|
|
reserved powers |
state powers health, education, administering elections |
|
|
national gov powers |
foreign affairs regulating interstate commerce coining money declare war |
|
|
Federal system |
US was the first to adopt it National and State government share power and derive all authority from the poeple |
|
|
unitary system |
local and regional government derive all power from national government |
|
|
supreme law of the land |
us constitution, national laws, and treaties |
|
|
state powers under the consitution |
entitled to two senators choose election laws state appoint electors to vote for presiddent each state represents the citizens of state legislate for public health and welfare |
|
|
concurent powers |
powers shared by state and national government |
|
|
powers denied under the constitution |
congress cant favor one state over another in regulating commerce cant lay duties on items exported from any state NG cant grant titles of nobility and gov employees cant accept gifts from foreign head of states cant pass a bill of attainer cant pass expost facto law
|
|
|
privileges and immunites clause |
each citizen of each state have the same rights as citizens of all other states |
|
|
extradition clause |
states extradite or return criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial |
|
|
interstate compacts |
contracts between states that carry the force of laws generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns drivers license for exanple |
|
|
dillons rule |
all local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments
|
|
|
county |
basic administrative unit of local government used for welfare, environmental programs, courts, registration of land, births, deaths |
|
|
municipality |
city government created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas |
|
|
town |
smmaller community oten run by a mayor and town council |
|
|
special district |
local government restricted to a particular function services such as libraries, sewage, water, parks school districts |
|
|
Mcculloch VS Maryland |
state could not tax a federal institution |
|
|
Gibbons VS Ogden |
congress's power to regulate commerce included commercial activity as well NY had no right to grant monopoly to a single steamboat |
|
|
Barron VS Baltimore |
ruled that due process clause did not apply to states limited bill of rights to acts of congress alone |
|
|
policy making |
the pivotal stage in the political process, the point at which a bill becomes a law or edicts are issued by ruler |
|
|
government action |
flows in two directions upward flow of influence and demands from society downward flow of decisions from the government |
|
|
constitution |
establishes basic rules of ddecision making,rights, and distribution of authority in political system |
|
|
rule of law |
government should take no action that has not been authorized by law and citizens can only be punished for actions that violate the law |
|
|
decision rules |
the basic governing how decisions are made determine what political resources are valuable in influencing decisions and how to acquire and use these resources |
|
|
more inclusive rules |
protect against hasty decisions prevent decisions that disadvantage the large minorites of voters can give the minority the power to block proposals favored by the majority more inclusive the less likely decsion will be made at all |
|
|
less inclusive rules |
make it easier to reach policy but many interests may be ignored
|
|
|
types of inclusivness |
simply majority-majority vote of 2 options qualified majorities- 3/5 2/3 3/4 unanimity- any one person can block decision |
|
|
egalitarian |
each member has the same voting power one person one vote
|
|
|
hierarchical |
everybody defers to his/her superior only the vote at the top of courts matters easy to respond in emergencies few interests or ideas taken into account |
|
|
basic decision rules differ in political systems |
1.the seperation of powers among different branches 2. geographic distribution of authority between central government and lower levels 3. limitations on government authority |
|
|
democratic presidential regime |
executive and legislative each branch elected for fixed term neither branch can unseat the other by ordinary means each has specific powers legislative-ultimate power to authorize leg and approve budgets executive- power to veto leg or make policy by executive decree |
|
|
parliamentary regimes |
executive and leg much more interdependent legislative-directly elected, no terms, can be voted out at any time executive- cabinet and prime minister, can be voted out at any time, largely consists of parliment exec and leg must have confidence in each other |
|
|
semi presidential |
france president and leg are seperately elected resident has power to dissolve leg president may appoint cabinet |
|
|
confederal |
ultimate power rests in the states central gov had authority over foreign affairs and defense but depended on states for financial support |
|
|
dual federalism |
the belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement often referred to as layercake federalism |
|
|
nullificationr |
right of a state to declare void a federal law |
|
|
cooperative federalism |
intertwined relationship between the national, state, and local governments |
|
|
categorical grants |
grant that appropriates federal funds to states for a specific purpose |
|
|
new federalism |
federal-state relationship
|
|
|
block grant |
large grant given to state by federal gov with only general spending guidelines |
|
|
unfunded mandates reform |
prevent congress from passing costly federal programs without debate on how to fund them |
|
|
programmatic request |
federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district |
|
|
preemption |
a concept that allows the national gov to override state or local actions in certain policy areas
|
|
|
progressive federalism |
pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative |
|
|
redistributive policies |
gov collects money from one group of citiznes to finance a service |
|
|
developmental policies |
strengthen a gov economic standing; building roads etc |
|
|
procedural view of democracy |
democracy is a form of government |
|
|
substansive view of democracy |
democracy occurs when centain policies are created |
