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35 Cards in this Set
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Geopolitics Hypothesis
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– explains geographical distribution of political power and influences by reference to the earth’s surface and other phenomena associated therewith
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What does Geopolitics Hypothesis explain?
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1. Absolute location patterns of climate, landforms, raw materials, settlement, and economic development
2. Relative locational patterns of strategic sties, lanes of commerce, and avenues of positional military advances from stronghold locations |
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Who used the term Geopolitics
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Ratzel
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Freidrich Ratzel
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German man aka father of Political Geography
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Ratzels Laws
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1. The size of the state grows with its culture
Bigger is better than smaller 2. The growth of states follows other manifestations of the growth of people Precedes the growth of the state 3. The growth of the state proceeded by the annexation of the smaller members into the aggregate At the same time, the people develop stronger relationship to state 4. Boundaries are a peripheral organ of the state and changes with the transformation of the organism of the state 5. In its growth the state strives toward the envelopment of politically valuable positions (i.e. Louisiana Purchase) 6. The first stimuli to the spatial growth of states comes from the outside 7. The general tendency toward territorial annexation and agglomeration is transmitted from state to state and continuously increasing in intensity |
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Rudolf Kjellen
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Student of Ratzel’s 1864 – 1922 Swedish
Expanded on the idea of the Organic State Coined the term Geopolitics Lead to Realist perspectives of the International Relations States are the primary actors in international politics who eventually will come into conflict with other states Liberalist Perspective – international system is anarchical and should be fixed through diplomacy |
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Realist vs. liberalist views of international relations?
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Realism – world is chaotic consisting of “states”
Main interest of the state is the most important idea To protect this ideal (or spread it) typically means conflict Rational Choice Theory – entities do what they think is in their best interest Liberalism – states are but one actor in the world States are interdependent using institutions as a means to end IMF, World Bank, United Nations Premise is on the “goodness” of human nature Critical Social Theory – attempts to understand individuals or groups reactions/justifications towards particular actions Feminist Theory, Post Modernism Examines power struggles with institutions |
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Karl Haushofer?
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German General and Political Scientist 1869 – 1946
Credited with ideas of Pan-Regions Regarded Germany as too small and lacking “lebensraum” Inspired by U.S. Monroe Doctrine Each region was expected to be self-sufficient Pan Regions can be thought of as strategic alternatives to the British Empire Pan Regions provide capital to the core Edited Journal Geopolitik Military adviser to Japan and Hitler Credited with Hitler’s advance into Russia in 1939 and for helping writing Mein Kampf He later denied both |
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British and American views of Geostrategy?
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Based on concept of protecting spheres of influence
British Empire Manifest Destiny (picture of the white girl and technology pushing out native americans) Monroe Doctrine |
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Alfred Thayer Mahan?
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U.S. Sea Capitan, Rear Admiral, and Political Scientist 1840 - 1914
Wrote Influence of Sea Power upon History Insisted sea transport cheaper and quicker than land transport Navy essential to protect commerce and for initiating economic sea blockades Especially for the U.S. and Britain |
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Mahan Relation to Sea Power
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Important Factors Contributing to Sea Power
1. Geographical position whether through ocean coasts, land boundaries, and oversea bases 2. State must conform to protect vulnerable natural harbors, inlets, or rivers 3. Extend to the territory Must procect borders 4. Size and Density of the Population More people means more industry 5. National Charter should be based on sea power to promote peace and extensive commerce Britain was able to keep peace in much of Empire with its large navy |
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Halford MacKinder?
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British Political Scientist and Geographer 1861 – 1947
Geographical Pivot of History (1906) Saw history as a struggle between land and sea powers Democratic Ideals and Reality (1918) |
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Heartland theory?
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Pivot Area – has a wide range of natural resources and inaccessible to sea power
Most strategically important place in the world Also Known as the Heartland World – Island – area surrounding the Heartland that is accessible to sea power Sir Alfred Mackinder, a British political scientist and geographer, viewed the USSR as a threat to European and American control of most of the world Mackinder’s Heartland Theory - who controls eastern Europe controls the heartland - who controls the heartland controls the world island - who controls the world island rules the world This theory captured the attention of U.S. politicians and military |
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What is power analysis?
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National Power divided into 5 components
Geographic – includes the location, size, and shape of area which comprises the nation The extent to which it provides access from an to the world Economic Political Sociological Military ***Focuses on organizing and interpreting data about states*** |
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Saul Cohen?
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Modernized Political Geography at the international scale by examining alternatives to the Heartland Theory
Used both Historical-Metamorphic Approach and Power Analysis Created a New Map of Global Political Geography ranking the nation state by: Size of population and the economy Nuclear Technology Social cohesion Military Power Centrality in International Order Perception of Self-Image 1st Order Countries: U.S., USSR, Japan, China, EEC (EU) Entropy |
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Entropy?
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Saul Cohen
Ranking of Countries by Entropy (1982) Entropy – Quantitative measure of the disorder of a system. The greater the disorder, the higher the entropy 4 Categories Low – U.S., Europe, Japan Medium – Middle East, East Europe, Russia High – SE Asia, South America Very High – Africa, Central America ***Less Entropy, the better*** |
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Why hasn’t the U.S. signed the Law of the Sea?
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1. U.S. has the world’s largest ocean coastline
2. U.S. has the world’s largest EEZ 3. U.S. has the world’s largest navy 4. Trade: 95% of U.S> foreign trade is moved by ship Equating 22% of U.S. GDP U.S. lost seat on Int. Seabed Authority This has the U.S. having 28 boundary issues with other countries between, 18 have been resolved A boundary treaty was signed by the U.S. and USSR in 1990, but has not been ratified, leaving a dispute unsettled between Russia and the U.S. near Alaska |
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When was the Law of the Sea finally ratified?
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When it got 60 signatures. They all signed in 93 and it came into effect in 94.
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Outcome of 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS III)
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1. 12 Mile Territorial Sea
About 100 international straights not closed to “Right of Innocent Passage” But submarines must surface 2. 24 Mile Contiguous Zone Search and Seizure zone from 12 to 24 natuical miles 3. 200 miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Created an entire new resource zone |
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Who were the “Group of 77?”
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77 developing countries
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Differences in UNCLOS I, II, and III
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UNCLOS
Held in Geneva, Switzerland 1958 Universalized “Truman Proclamation” claims to 200 m isobath Failed. UNCLOS II Held in Geneva 1960 Attended by 87 seafaring and costal states U.S. sponsored a compromise of 6 mile territorial sea and 6 mile contiguous zone Vote failed 44 to 43 Conference ended in deadlock after 6 weeks Failed. UNCLOS III Longest and most complicated international negotiations ever Over 160 states involved Took 9 years from 1973 to 1982 Major Issues 1. International seabed claim as a “Common Heritage of Mankind” 2. Great Ocean Grab (many countries grabbing as much as they can) 3. New International order (Group of 77 vs. Developed Nations) 4. High seas considered “safe” for military uses USSR and U.S. agreed on this Outcome of 1982 Law of the Sea Convention 1. 12 Mile Territorial Sea About 100 international straights not closed to “Right of Innocent Passage” But submarines must surface 2. 24 Mile Contiguous Zone Search and Seizure zone from 12 to 24 natuical miles 3. 200 miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Created an entire new resource zone 4. Continental Shelf claims up to 350 nautical miles 5. International Seabed Authority created Controls the activities of seafloor exploration in international waters Headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica Created the “Enterprise” which is to serve as the Authority’s own mining operator Has not done anything |
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Increased Need for Law in 1970s because . . .
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1. 1958 UNCLOS still not ratified by enough states to go into force
2. Decolonization and rise of “Group of 77” within UN General Assembly (now over 120) Group of 77 – group of 77 developing nations 3. Seabed issues prompted by Arvid Vardo (UN Delegate from Malta) 1967 he called for the reservation of exclusively for peaceful purposes of the seabed Seabed should be for everybody and run by an international agency 4. New fishing technology greatly increased catching capabilities 5. Environmental problems in costal areas and high seas, especially with increasing size of oil tankers 6. Confusion over sovereignty claims by 1970, more than 20 countries claimed territorial waters over 12 miles 7. Cold War tensions between U.S. and USSR, especially with the advent of submarines carrying ballistic missiles |
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What were the Traditional Zones of Ocean Sovereignty, post WWII (before UNCLOS)? Be able
to differentiate these from the later UNCLOS of 1982 |
Traditional Zones of Ocean Sovereignty Post WWII
1. Inland Water Ways Rivers, bays, estuaries, etc. things within a country’s baseline Baseline – boundary of a given country National internal water navigation rules apply 2. Territorial Sea Belt of some 3-12 nautical miles outward from from the baseline Full national sovereignty rules except “Right of Innocent Passage” Right of Innocent Passage – as long as a ship is not going to threaten the state, they can pass freely through waters 3. Contiguous Zone Some states claimed further areas for “search and seizure zone” to protect against smuggling U.S. 12 mile zone 4. Continental Shelf U.S. claim sea floor out to 200 meters of depth Based off of Truman Proclamation of 1945 5. High Seas Areas outside the claims of any country |
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What was the Truman Proclamation?
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Asserted U.S. claim to continental shelf to 660 ft. deep, but not to water above
Based on argument between Louisiana claim to offshore oil U.S. now controls these, not Louisiana After this other countries made similar claims to the continental shelf Latin American countries claimed 200 miles off shore independent of depth 1950s Chile and Peru made claims for fishing forcing U.S. fisherman out U.S. sent warships to challenge claim U.S. started SEA RACE The thing where its yours as long as its not deeper than 660 ft however far out that is. |
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Functions of the Traditional Territorial Sea
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1. Defense
Cannon Shot Rule 2. Protection Against Smuggling 1790 U.S. claimed right of “Search and Seizure” to 3 leagues or 12 nautical miles Reenacted in 1922 Tariff Act to enforce Prohibition 3. Fisheries Protection Against depletion Against foreign competition 4. Quarantine and Sanitation Protect public health |
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Cornelius Van Bynkershoek
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1702Dutch wrote De Dominio Maris
Width of the territorial sea that could be claimed by a coastal state was about three nautical miles Also called the “Cannon Shot Rule” 3 nautical miles was how far a cannon could shoot |
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John Selden
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1635Mare Clausum – British idea any sea or other navigable body of water which is under the jurisdiction of a particular country and which is closed to other nations
Protect British trade and fisheries |
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Hugo Grotuis
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1609Mare Liberum Dutch idea of Open Seas
All seas were international territory and open to everybody Justified Dutch attempts to break up trading routes and monopolization of Portugal trade routes in the Indian Ocean As well as British claims to territorial fishing rights around Britain |
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Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 –
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first geometric boundary dividing new overseas lands between Spain and Portugal
Spain got all land west of the (about 50 west of the Prime Meridian), Portugal got all land east |
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Polymetallic Nodules
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rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core
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Immanuel Wallerstein?
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Thought up World Systems Order. Which is Core, semi periphery and periphery. Core is rich semiperiphery is kinda rich and periphery is poor.
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Who was Kondratieff
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Soviet Economist
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Kondratieff Cycles
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Highs and lows of the worlds economy. Changes happen every 45-60 years. Long waves.
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Maritime Resources
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Fish
TransportationAbout 80% by value and tonage of international world trade is transported by shop Most trade done on a few shipping lanes Energy About 1/4th of global products of oil and gas from undersea deposits UN estimates 29% of world oil comes from offshore areas Tidal and geothermal energy used by a few Minerals |
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Horizontal and Vertical Division
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no idea.
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