Pol 271 Exam #2

Front 1

How To Solve International Problems

Back 1

Arbitration, arms control, economic sanctions, outlaw war, collective security.

Front 2

Arbitration

Back 2

Third party with no interest mediates for a positive outcome for both parties in a disagreement. PROBLEM: Doesn't always work. Talking breaks down sometimes.

Front 3

Arms Control

Back 3

Get countries to downgrade their military production. Example: Battleships were limited after WWI (UK, US, Japan) PROBLEMS: Countries can become unsatisfied with the arrangements, which is usually what happens.

Front 4

Economic Sanctions

Back 4

Manipulation of commercial relations by one country against another. Example: US cutting off trade with Japan before WWII.

Front 5

Outlaw War

Back 5

Kellog-Briand Pact of 1928. Few signed it but no one obeyed it.

Front 6

Collective Security

Back 6

A collective group of countries agree to support each other if attacked.

Front 7

Realism

Back 7

Emphasize the military role in the international system, which doesn't work anymore because economic policy and trade are far more important. PROBLEM: Focused on the great powers, but smaller states and interests/groups are the only aggressors today.

Front 8

Atlantic Charter (August 14, 1941)

Back 8

Agreement with England and Russia detailing how things would be run after the war. Covered self determination and that no territory would be exchanged in the recovery. Russia agreed but did not sign.

Front 9

Truman Doctrine (March 12, 1947)

Back 9

The US would provide assistance to countries being repressed by communism. Brought about the concept of containment and pissed the fuck out of RUSSIA..

Front 10

Containment (Cold War)

Back 10

US thought the Russians had their eye on Western Europe. We would resist the push of Russian ideology because we thought they were on the offensive. They thought we were on the offensive though.

Front 11

Marshall Plan

Back 11

European assistance/AID program after WWII to everyone but the commie bastards because the wouldn't allow us to inspect their shit. Enables congress to get on board because Russia wasn't involved.

Front 12

Blockade of Berlin

Back 12

Russia's reaction to Marshall Plan in order to separate the growing Western hostility.

Front 13

Berlin Airlift

Back 13

We airdropped supplies to people in Berlin and Russians didn't know what to do about it. Allies unified.

Front 14

NATO

Back 14

Formed by Wester Europe, USA, and Canada. 3 Purposes: Keep the Russians out, keep the US in, and keep the German's down.

Front 15

Russian Foreign Policy

Back 15

Help former colonies decolonize from Europe control. Did it to distract the US and fuck with us. It worked.

Front 16

Cause of Russia's economic demise

Back 16

1.) Centralized government 2.)Russian weaponry v. western 3.)German pilot 4.)Gorbachev 5.)Multinational Country

Front 17

Russian economic demise: Centralized government

Back 17

Government centered out of Moscow. Innovative ideas were suppressed because of long chain of command...to Moscow. Very slow development of legislation/ideas.

Front 18

Russian economic demise: Russian weaponry v. Western

Back 18

In middle east their munitions and weapons sold to Arab nations often lost to the Israeli counterparts which were created by the US.

Front 19

Russian economic demise: German pilot

Back 19

Mathias Rust flew a small plane almost into Red Square without Russian government knowing. Shows how shitty their radar was and how clueless they were.

Front 20

Russian economic demise: Gorbachev

Back 20

Argued to the communist party that changes were needed in order for communist society to survive. Restructured their economy (Perestroika) and opened the society to the West (Glas Nost).

Front 21

Russian economic demise: Multinational Country

Back 21

Encouragement of new thinking and presentation of ideas leads to people wanting independence. (Chechnyans, Georgians)

Front 22

Geography US v. Russia

Back 22

Up until 20th century we were self sufficient. We have two oceans, plenty of land, and rivers to transport. Russia doesn't really. Also we have weak neighbors (Canada, Mexico).

Front 23

Experimentation Nation

Back 23

We participated internationally when we wanted to because we had the resources to stay out of the international market/drama.

Front 24

Experimentation Nation: Domestic

Back 24

Limited government that can protect its people was seen as ideal.

Front 25

Experimentation Nation: International

Back 25

National self-determination pushed by Woodrow Wilson. Democracy worldwide, because if everyones democratic people wont fight. PROBLEM: Europeans didnt like this because if it went wrong they'd get fucked first because they dont have an ocean separating them from the bad guys.

Front 26

Monroe Doctrine

Back 26

US takes control of the Middle America's, sea included. Britain helped because they didn't want anyone fucking with it either. PROBLEM: Latin America is pissed at us about this, cause we're still fucking with their shit to this day.

Front 27

Gunboat Diplomacy

Back 27

19th Century US foreign policy pushed by Alfred Mahan, stating that global domination would be achieved through control of the seas. Loan assistance for trade and if you don't pay we blow you away, or take over your treasury.

Front 28

Spanish American War 1898

Back 28

US ship was monitoring the Spanish/Cuban dispute, USS Maine was blown up, and US was pissed. Got US involved internationally, and we kicked their ass.

Front 29

Platt Amendment

Back 29

We can intervene in Cuba and we get to have a base at Guantanamo Bay. "We don't want them to be victum of gunboat diplomacy".

Front 30

Roosevelt Corollary

Back 30

We control the Americas, deeze nuts. Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Front 31

Nye Committee

Back 31

Discussed three reasons as to why we got into WWI. 1.)US citizens traveled aboard Euro ships 2.)Sold munitions to waring countries 3.) Banks loaned money to waring countries. PROBLEMS: Didn't work. WWII happened.

Front 32

Cash and Carry

Back 32

After Germans invade Poland, FDR grants ability for US to sell munitions to Brits/French cash only. PROBLEMS: France went down too fast and Britain ran out of cash/ships. Also gave them destroyers so they could get munitions, we get Bermuda.

Front 33

Lend Lease

Back 33

December 1940, "garden hose to put out their house fire". Lending equipment to the Brits that they can give back or repay us for after the war. We're still neutral. FDR was allowed to give ANYTHING to ANY COUNTRY in order to protect the US and could accept any form of payment in return. Amazing granting of power to the president.

Front 34

Atlantic Netrality Zone

Back 34

FDR makes our half of the Atlantic a neutrality zone where no boats could go. Goal was to keep Germans away from ours and Brit boats.

Front 35

Pearl Harbor

Back 35

Jap attack because they think we're the reason China was still in the war. US puts sanctions on Japan, and effects oil.

Front 36

Containment

Back 36

George F. Kennan builds idea that if we can stop the Russians from advancing, from gaining control of new countries, that the Russians will have to start administering reforms to their people. Make people expect results that wont come, and they'll be distracted from focusing on foreign policy. PROBLEM: May take a long time, but works.

Front 37

Failure to Withdraw

Back 37

Korea's 38th parallel fell when DPRK communist led forces took over South Korea. Containment policies state we have to intervene in oder to stop spread of communist control.

Front 38

Vietnam

Back 38

New look, Kennedy Prez., De Soto, Tet Offensive, Conclusion

Front 39

New Look

Back 39

Eisenhower plan emphasizing massive retaliation, roll back (thought people would revolt and cause Russia to spend more money/manpower), local allies (have local powers eventually take over control). PROBLEMS: Led to Vietnam war.

Front 40

Kennedy Prez.

Back 40

Went up against Nixon with a flexible response (massive stockpile to deter attack) to NATO controlling nuke power (didn't work because of NIMBY).

Front 41

Gulf of Tonkin (DESOTO Patrol)

Back 41

Johnson demanded congress support after US patrol is attacked (Vietnam supposedly). Led to ineffective bombing that led to sending in troops. And then some more troops. Attempt to set an example for guerilla wars. Flexible response got us involved.

Front 42

Tet Offensive

Back 42

Simultaneous attack on South Vietnam controlled bases, US retaliation gains control of lost ground. US finds out we are not winning the war. Johnson is seen as a liar, doesnt run for reelection.

Front 43

Vietnam Conclusion

Back 43

Settled by negotiations. Kissinger: "Fuel to fire the rebellion"

Front 44

Détente

Back 44

Easing tensions in the Cold War. Vietnamization, Arms Control, China

Front 45

Vietnamization

Back 45

Wanted to train Vietnamese forces to take care of themselves and it failed, they gots fucked. Bomb North into negotiations, which they did to get us to leave. We left and they took over, no president will be able to send troops back.

Front 46

Détente: Arms Control

Back 46

Curb the production of nuclear weapons because their far too powerful.

Front 47

China

Back 47

Nixon wanted to open relations with China because they were an up and coming power.

Front 48

Nixon Post-Vietnam

Back 48

US seems weak due to watergate, Vietnam War outcome. Carter follows, but hostage situation in Iran makes him look bad.

Front 49

Reagan

Back 49

Wanted to return US to greatness and get rid of stagflation. Military spending was the key to success.

Front 50

Reagan Doctrine

Back 50

US would sponsor guerrilla warfare/uprising for countries combating Russian/communist oppression. Example: Nicaragua/Iran Contra Affair

Front 51

Nicaragua

Back 51

We support the rebel contra against the communists Sandinistas by selling weapons to Iran to fund the contra.

Front 52

Reagan's Troop deployments

Back 52

Grenada: Risk of hostage situation, get in get out, don't over commit forces.
Lebanon: Keep troops off of shore to prevent attacks while helping French. Stay out of view and lay low.

Front 53

3 US Policy Factions Post Cold War

Back 53

Isolationist (Pat Buchanan/bad idea), realist, and liberal.

Front 54

Realist

Back 54

Notion that a problem can be focused on one nation causing that problem. Military forces are trump.

Front 55

Liberal

Back 55

Non-state actors are the real threats (ie Al Qaida), solved via tactical force, key to international politics is commerce, not warfare.

Front 56

Powell Doctrine

Back 56

Overwhelming force, then exit strategy.

Front 57

Developing Countries

Back 57

Third world, underdeveloped countries, south (not common). Almost always ex-colonies.

Front 58

Under Developed Countries- Andre Gunder Frank

Back 58

Pessimistic view, believed large powers deliberately placed countries in poor circumstances to exploit them.

Front 59

Problems with Independence

Back 59

Nation building, imperialism, economic development

Front 60

Nation Building-Developing Nations

Back 60

Places with resources are willing to fight for them due to poverty

Front 61

Imperialism Effects on Developing Nations

Back 61

Boarders drawn up by Europeans. Causes fighting between different ethnicities, Euro boundaries divided by nationalist ideals/history.

Front 62

Economic Development- Developing Nations

Back 62

WTO requires sanctions on cleanliness of food/goods. Developing countries feel that this is still imperialism.

Front 63

Consequences of Developing Nations

Back 63

AID, shortage of water, iodine deficiency, worms.

Front 64

Strategies for Development

Back 64

Redistribution and growth promotion

Front 65

Redistribution Strategy

Back 65

Government takes from rich, gives to poor through food subsidiaries so they can afford things like bread. PROBLEMS: Poor literally eat the money that is supposed to spark the economy. Causes capital flight (rich take their money to wealthier asset)

Front 66

Growth Promotion Strategy

Back 66

Import Substitution and Export led growth.

Front 67

Import Substitution

Back 67

Tariffs, taxing goods brings money, prevents overpricing. Can be removed once economy is developed and domestic countries are developed. PROBLEMS: Need a consumer base, and investments without capital flight.

Front 68

Export-Led Growth

Back 68

Produce simple goods to develop revenue that can be used to spark development in another more profitable field. PROBLEMS: Too much reliance on foreign markets. Over-saturation of the market with cheap goods.

Front 69

Japan as an example of export-led growth

Back 69

Keiretsu, MITI, MPT (Ministry of Post and Telecommunications)

Front 70

Keiretsu

Back 70

Japanese model where corporations can use profit to move funds to family branches that are developing better goods. Conglomerate model.

Front 71

MITI (Ministry of International Trade)

Back 71

Helps Jap companies enter foreign markets. Example: Nissan was told Americans like sports cars, they build the 280z.

Front 72

MPT

Back 72

Collected savings for people in Japan every time they used the post office. Japan has a much higher savings rate then any other country and it helped their economy grown.

Front 73

3 Unique Things About Japan

Back 73

1.) Government helping countries in foreign markets 2.)Keiretsu and large savings 3.) Market in the US (rare at the time)

Front 74

Factors of Production

Back 74

Land, Labor (More recently technology and entrepreneurial skill)

Front 75

Factors of Production: Land

Back 75

Natural resources, a good climate, topography all important to building economy. Globalized market replaces land.

Front 76

Factors of Production: Labor

Back 76

Population of country, educated population. Technology can help overcome lack of labor.

Front 77

Factors of Production: Technology and Entrepreneurial Skill

Back 77

Technology fuels an economy. Skilled labor that can come up with ideas and make products well. PROBLEMS: Developing countries dont have a way to finance education, so they dont have these skills.

Front 78

Options for Universities (Developing Countries)

Back 78

Send students abroad, start your own university.

Front 79

Send students abroad

Back 79

Students learn a lot in top US/UK universities. PROBLEM: Want to stay. This is called brain drain. Govts pay lots to get them there.