Pol 140 Test 2

Front 1

Cote D'Ivoire's issues?

Back 1

Colonial economy dedicated to export/cash crop.
-Monoculture cotton and coca..producers of goods separated from profits of goods

-Large uses of child labor
-Good for producers in bad times, not good.
-Child labor illegal yet still occurs
-29% of children are working.

Front 2

Structuralism?

Back 2

-Focus on structural constraints
-Class (capital [bourgeoisie] vs. labor [proletariat])
-Core vs. periphery

Front 3

Imperialism in the political sense?

Back 3

world hierarchically organized with some societies with control over others

Front 4

Imperialism in the economic sense?

Back 4

advanced metropolitan (non-agrarian) countries exploiting colonies
-main problem of capitalism: imperialism. low wages and underconsumption by workers

Front 5

Neocolonialism

Back 5

developed countries' involvement in the developing world. Role in global economic and political scheme
--Slavery and forced labor
--Cost of goods

Front 6

Dependency Theory

Back 6

The notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.


-Capitalistic development in south diff than in north, foreign capitalists prevent industrialization of south by forming alliance with elites (feudal landowners/comprador merchant class) in LDCs

LDCs EXPORT raw materials, import finished products. creates structural problem for south.

Front 7

World-system theory

Back 7

stresses that world-systems (and not nation states) should be the basic unit of social analysis.
-World-system refers to the international division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries.

aka core=capitalism ...periphery= low labor jobs

Front 8

Convergence between rich and poor countries, although slow in the mid-20th century, has (sped up or slowed down) in the past 30 years

Back 8

SPED UP. (convergence means agreement)

Front 9

The New International division of Labor (NIDL) refers to...

Back 9

LDCs as moving toward manufacturing, and DC's as mostly in service secotr

Front 10

Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been criticized because...

Back 10

they usually have low labor and environmental standards and minimal taxes.

Front 11

HIPC stands for..

Back 11

highly indebted poor countries.

Front 12

Problems of LDC's?

Back 12

-Capital (few domestic resources)
-Investment in infrastructure(roads, etc.)
-Customs and ideology (in some cases, traditional attitudes may inhibit development)
-Human capital (LDCs lack resources to invest in health, nutrition, education)
-Low productivity agriculture

Front 13

Comparative advantage sucggests that LDCs should specialize in primary production (agricultural goods and minerals) BUT...

Back 13

prices are large, export concentration can be destabilizing, and some evidence suggests terms of trade are moving towards manufacturing

Front 14

Import substitution?

Back 14

Policy of replacing imports by domestic production.

Front 15

Export-led growth?

Back 15

stresses production and income growth through exports (need to create things the rest of the world will buy)
-Successful in Taiiwan & Japan

Front 16

Total loans made to low and middle-income countries?
Africa's alone?

Back 16

500 billion
215 billion

Front 17

Sub Saharan Africa receives 10 billion in aid, but loses 14 billion in debt payments per year.

Back 17

true dat

Front 18

Structural Adjustment Programs

Back 18

Reschedule debt
Continue paying debt
Decrease gov't spending

results in unemployment, social unrest, fees for health education and other services, reduction in health care and education quality

Front 19

Tied aid

Back 19

aid tied to programs (we'll help you, but you have to buy things from us)

Front 20

The Liberal perspective says....

Back 20

The individual is key. The freer the better, relationship between politics and economics should be limited as possible

Front 21

LDCs before WW1 were colonies, after WW2, Cold war effects & was no alternative to US investments, since late 1970s....

Back 21

increased liberalization of policies, change in policies of emerging centrally planned economies, tariffs

Front 22

The Grameen Bank is an example of:

Back 22

the bottom-up approach. First/biggest micro-lending bank. Giving micro-loans.

Front 23

TINA stands for

Back 23

there is no alternative.

Front 24

Human migration is a problem..

Back 24

both internally in LDCs and externally for both LDCs and DCs

Front 25

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the amount spent on health care is ...

Back 25

about one quarter the amount spent on debt payments

Front 26

The political spectrum is...

Back 26

a conceptual map used to compare and contrast political ideologies

Front 27

Laissez-Faire means:

Back 27

let it be

Front 28

True or False? Comparative advantage refers to the advantage conquering countries have over their colonies.

Back 28

FALSE

Front 29

Amartya Sen

Back 29

responsible for change in idea of what developments goals and means of development should be

expanision of freedom seen as both the primary end (goal) and means (how we get there) of development

places great importance in the role of public discussion nad debate.

Front 30

The Millenium Challenge Corporation (MCA) is different than other US aid programs in six wayS:

Back 30

1. Help support economic growth/poverty reduction in the POOREST countries in the world.
2. Independent of all other agencies. (removes political influence)
3. Offers assistnace to countries who are committed to economic growth, ruling justly, investing in their people, and encouraging economic freedom.
4. gay
5. large resources..5 billion ..twice
6. clear benchmarks

Front 31

Civil society?

Back 31

Voluntary associations that exist between the level of the family and the state.

Front 32

Globalization

Back 32

idea that social movements are alternative to political parties. engage in non-violent mass movements to cause change.

Front 33

Huntington's cultural argument:

Back 33

Increased interactions among people causes civilizaiton consciousness and increases likelihiood of conflict. West should limit expansion of military strength to avoid conflict

Front 34

Jihad vs. McWorld? (Barber's argument)

Back 34

Traditional values vs. globalization/corporate control

Front 35

Liberation theology originated...

Back 35

within the Catholic Church in Latin America

Front 36

The Bourgeoisie is the

Back 36

characterized by ownership of capital.. rich group

Front 37

Corporatism is ...

Back 37

a system which the voernment restricts the development and operation of independent organiations

Front 38

A devotee party is a type of political party...

Back 38

with a charismatic leader

Front 39

An aspiration gap is..

Back 39

the difference between what is hoped for and what can be realistically achieved.

Front 40

Ideology

Back 40

set of ideas that describe the world

Front 41

Liberalism

Back 41

emphasis on freedom of individual, equality, self-rule, limited gov't--John Locke

Front 42

Two types of liberalism? positve and negative.

Back 42

Positive-gov't has role in reducing inequality, fostering participation, promoting well-being of citizens (con creates dependency)

Negative- minimal gov't role, free market via supply and demand

Front 43

Conservatism

Back 43

Needs of society more important than those of individuals (natural inequality at birth-skills differ)

Front 44

Socialism

Back 44

-Class-based, critical of private property and uneven distribution of wealth, predates Marx, its greatest promoter

economy

Front 45

Communism

Back 45

Economy and society--shared distribution of goods/everything

Front 46

Fascism

Back 46

Opposition to socialism and communism....inequality as part of race and nationality, strong leader key hierarchal society (hitler, mussolini)

Front 47

Anarchism

Back 47

Focus on removal of hierarchical power structures, call for voluntary cooperation as organizing principle, not unified ideology. (Zapatistas in Mexico in 1990s)

Front 48

Three sources of legitimacy:
(majority of state has to approve or accept decision-making)

Back 48

1. Tradition (based on cultural ways of recognizing power--this is how its always been kings etc)
2. Charisma-based upon personal attributes of leader
3. Legality -based on rules and procedures (elections)

Front 49

Union organizaiton

Back 49

independence curtailed by government

Front 50

Independent unions

Back 50

impossible or very difficult to organize in China, LA , Africa

Front 51

Collective action dilemma

Back 51

reality that it is hard to ge tpeopple to go forth and tak eaction

Front 52

Social movement organization (SMO)

Back 52

a named formal organization engaged in actions to advance a movement’s goals

Front 53

Civil disobedience

Back 53

Refusing to obey a law and doing it publicly and accepting consequences to call attention to an unjust law

Thoreau, Ghandi

Front 54

Alberto Fujimori

Back 54

is the first leader of a country to be tried in his own country by his own gov't for human rights abuses. PERU. Shining Path.....killed many civilians in the process, abused human rights like right to public trial...exiled but brought back and jailed.

Front 55

Nigeria case study ch 11

Back 55

d

Front 56

Mexico case study ch 11

Back 56

d

Front 57

State collapse

Back 57

the lack of provision of basic functions of the state; accompanied by a breakdown in law and order

Front 58

Refugee camps play a role in prolonging conflict

Back 58

rebel fighters /movements

Front 59

Throughout the 20th century, civilian toll in wartime increased.

Back 59

WW2 66% of deaths were civilians. "them or us" psychological minimzation

Front 60

Carl von Clausewitz

Back 60

lff

Front 61

Definitions of terrorism and terrorists differ greatly. The act is well defined, it means--

Back 61

acts against states and individuals intended to instill terror & fear

Front 62

US definition of terrorism is...

Back 62

largely externally focused

Front 63

EU definition of terrorism...

Back 63

focus is internal.

Front 64

Turkey definition of terrorism..

Back 64

terrorism and terrorists defined by target, objectives and instruments not clear. can include non-violent actors

Front 65

How many of the 200 wars since WW2 have taken place outside of LDCs?

Back 65

12.

Front 66

The resource mobilization approach ..

Back 66

takes into account the material and non-material needs of collective action participants

Front 67

The term "fallacy of electoralism" refers to..

Back 67

the mistake of focusing on elections as proof of democracy

Front 68

The Bush Doctrine divided the world into two groups---?

Back 68

those who support terrorism and those who fight it.

Front 69

"Democracy dividend" refers to...

Back 69

the popular belief that democracy will bring economic expansion and an end to corruption.

Front 70

A "delegative democracy"

Back 70

is characterized by a system that is led by elites and an executive who claims exclusive right to interpret state's interests.

Front 71

Globalization

Back 71

a series of economic, cultural, and social processes through which sovereign national states are criss-crossed and undermined by transnational actors with varying prospects of power, orientations, identities, and networks

Front 72

Terrorism is usually a tool of weak non-state actors

Back 72

d

Front 73

Mexico's Zapatista movement, fighting to restore old legitimacy of government.

Back 73

Fight for Mexico's Constitution and its calls for justice and equality . GOV'T RESPONSE...harsh atrocities against civilians

Front 74

How many killed by shining path?

Back 74

70,000. 10% of civilian population

Front 75

Case study Nigeria....

Back 75

-Since independence in 1960 two assassinations and 6 successful coups (many unsuccessful)
-Military views itself as political actor, above all other institutions (contrasts to here where military is subservient to other institutions)
-Military fraught with internal divisions, loyalties to corrupt “military godfathers”
-Civilian rule shaky
-Major issue in addition to N-S, ethnic issues discussed earlier is issue of Niger Delta and oil wealth
-Writer and activist Ken Saro-Wiwa hanged by military gov’t for role in leading non-
violent protest movement

Front 76

Case Study Zimbabwe

Back 76

-ZANU (led by Mugabe) and MDC (led by Morgan Tsvangirai) major factions today
-Since 2008 a power sharing government between the two following what most saw
as a wholly corrupt election that Mugabe stole
-Today that shaky coalition in danger of collapse as Tsvangirai challenges
arrangement, threatens MDC will not approve any gov’t ambassadors or judges
because Mugabe is not consulting with him
Case Studies: Iran
-Military important ally for leadership control both in Shah’s era and post 1979 revolution
-Khomeini purged military of Shah’s loyalists
-Mohammed Khatami-reformist president (1997-2005) made effort to improve freedom of expression, civil society, ultimately stymied by religious leadership
-Replaced by President Ahmadinejad elected in 2005, hardliner (extremist)--challenged by Hossein Mousavi in contested 2009 elections, (Ahmadinejad rigged election) large street protests with harsh gov’t crackdown

Front 77

Case study Iran..

Back 77

-Military important ally for leadership control both in Shah’s era and post 1979 revolution
-Khomeini purged military of Shah’s loyalists
-Mohammed Khatami-reformist president (1997-2005) made effort to improve freedom of expression, civil society, ultimately stymied by religious leadership
-Replaced by President Ahmadinejad elected in 2005, hardliner (extremist)--challenged by Hossein Mousavi in contested 2009 elections, (Ahmadinejad rigged election) large street protests with harsh gov’t crackdown

Front 78

Case study Indonesia..

Back 78

-Japan invades Dutch East Indies. Japanese help them gain independence
-Failed coup...communists killed in purge of leftists

Front 79

Democracy

Back 79

-A key characteristic is the continuing responsiveness of the gov’t to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals

-Huntington & Barber-->people fight by nature

Front 80

Democracies are good at adapting .

Back 80

d

Front 81

SEN: argues that not everyone in society has to say democracy is perfect, but that it has value in worth.
-historical analysis shows its attributes are not uniquely Western, nor incompatible with particular cultures

Back 81

d

Front 82

Modernization theory

Back 82

-Democratization final stage of social change wrought by modernization process
-Modernization creates new conditions (econ, social, political) that ‘pre-modern’ regimes are unable to deal with
-Fairly deterministic
-How to account for exceptions?

Front 83

RC Elite Explanation

Back 83

(democracy happens when the elites have a fractured system, and an opening can be taken advantage of)
-Elite school argues no transition happens without division within actors in authoritarian regimes

Front 84

RC Mass-based Explanation

Back 84

-Mass-based approach argues ‘the people’ key, not elites
-Mass protests change the strategic environment of decision making
create mandate for change, opportunities for opposition politicians
-When mass movements sufficiently strong, regimes have little choice to accede or be overthrown
-Contrast this ‘democracy from below’ explanation with historical structuralist approach
-Not just balance of power, but highly unequal power that drives process
test through chapter 14

Front 85

Neoliberalism

Back 85

Everyone benefits from an open economy and free trade. Believe globalization is positive.

Front 86

New International Economic Order (NIEO)

Back 86

attempt by LDCs to reform the international economic system. barely any changes.

Front 87

International Monetary fund (IMF)

Back 87

promoting market economics. global agency originally created to aid in the postwar recorvery of Europe. RICH countries dominate.

Front 88

Top-down approach

Back 88

aimed at benefiting the majority and are initiated by elites.

Front 89

Bottom-up approach

Back 89

when projects are initiated from the grassroots or the masses