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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a quality audit? Which quality process does it belong to
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Quality audits are a function of quality assurance and is a formal review of what has been completed on the project processes to determine what has worked and what didn't. Goal is to improve performance for the current project.
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Outputs of quality audit
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Identifies 1- problems, constraints; 2- root cause analysis; 3- non-value added activities; 4- preventitive actions
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Differentiate between quality vs. grade
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Grade is a score that is given to describe things that have the same functional usage but different technical characteristics. Quality is the degree to which something fulfills requirements
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Differentiate between precision and accuracy
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Precision maps the consistency of variables to be close, accuracy is the degree to which variables implement their planned value
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Sheward Demming
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lifecycle of continuous quality improvement = PLAN DO CHECK ACT
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Crosby
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Quality is free - basically if you do your quality upfront, you save costs in the back end
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TTs for Quality Planning
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1- Cost/Benefit Analysis, 2- COQ, 3-DOE, 4- Other Quality Planning , 5- Checklists
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Cost Benefit Analysis
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Delivers higher productivity, lower costs and increased customer satisfaction. Determine the benefits of the amount of money spent
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COQ
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Cost of quality - Assesses the summation of costs incurred to appraise conformance to requirements + cost of nonconformance + costs spent in failure .
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DOE
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Identfies the one or number of variables that you can change to get the biggest improvement. Statistical technique used to identify product/process variables to optimize results
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Benchmarking
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Used to compare the current project with other similar projects to determine where you should be. Compares common project practices to generate ideas for improvement. Downfall: projects must be similar! This could also cause internal competition
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Other Quality Planning tools
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brainstorming, affinity diagrams, force field analyis, nominal group techniques, flowcharts
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4 Tenets of Quality
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customer satsifaction, prevention over inspection, continuous improvement, management responsbility.
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prevention over inspection
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Quality is planned and build in, not inspected in
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Kaizen
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small, incremental process improvement
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3 process improvement models
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Michael Baldridge, CMM, CMMI
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2 quality improvement models
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6 Sigma, Total Quality Managemetn
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Outputs of quality planning
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Quality Management Plan, Quality Metrics, Quality Baseline, Quality Checklists, Process Improvement Plan
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Process Improvement Plan (plus 4 things in the template)
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Plan to identfiy processes that are not essential/not providing value in order to improve customer satisfaction. Includes process boundaries, process configuration, 3- process metrics and 4- targets for improved performance.
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Quality Metrics
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culminates to quality baseline. Identifies quality requirement + target.
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Quality baseline
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Quality Management Plan
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How the quality process will be implemented. IDs processes for quality assurance, quality control and continuous process improvement.
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Quality Assurance
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Managerial function that focuses, primarily on process improvement. Assess processes to determine areas for what works well, what isn't working well and identifies areas for improvements. Application of planned activities to ensure that the project will employ all processes needed to meet requirements. Also includes continuous process improvement TTs: Process Analysis and Quality Audits
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Quality Audit
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Assess current project at anytime to determine processes that are and are not working well. Can use formulative audit (current project) and summative audit (after project is over)
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Process analysis
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Cause and effect diagrams like ishikawa/aka fishbone to determine root causes
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Quality Control
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Function of the project team to assess the quality of deliverables and processes. Focuses on the results/deliverables to ensure comformance to requirements and metrics.
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TTs for QC
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1-Cause and Effect, 2-Control charts 3- histogram 4- parateo diagram 5-Scatter Diagram 6- Run charts 7- Flowcharts
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Cause and effect
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AKA - Ishikawa, Fishbone. Looks at problems to access to access root causes
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Control charts
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used to analze processes over time to ensure that processes are in control.
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What are process boundaries
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describes the purpose, start and end of processes, their inputs/outputs, data required and owner/stakeholders of the processes
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What is process configuration
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a flowchart of processes to facilitate analysis with interfaces identified
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What are process metrics
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Maintain control over status of processes
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Describe the Quality Baseline
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Records the quality objectives of the project. The basis for measuring and reporting quality performance as part of the performance measurement baseline
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Describe Process Analysis
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Follows steps outlined in the process improvement plan to ID needed improvements from an organizational and technical standpoint. Includes root cause analysis - a specific technique to analyze a problem/situation and determine the underlying causes that lead to it and create preventative actions for similar problems
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Describe Perform QC
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involves monitoring specific project results to determine whether they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results
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What is attribute sampling
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seeing whether the result conforms or does not and variables sampling - the result is rated on a continuous scale that measures the degree of conformity
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What is special causes
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unusual events and common causes - normal process variation (aka random causes)
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List the TTs for QC that are in the 7 Basic Tools of Quality
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1- Cause and Effect Diagram, 2- Control Charts. 3- Flowcharting, 4- Histogram, 5- Pareto Diagram/Chart, 6- Run Chart, 7- Scatter Diagram
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Differentiate between QA and QC
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QA is about improving the process, QC is trying to improve deliverables. QA is organization wide, QC is project specific.
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What does the mean in the control chart represent? What does the sigma values represent?
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the expected result. The spread of results based on inspection
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Provide the values for 1 sigma, 2 sigma, 3 sigma and 6 sigma
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6=99.9, 3= 99.7, 2= 95.51 ,1= 68.26,
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Describe Flowcharting
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a graphical representation of a process. Can help to analyze how problems occur. Shows how components in a system are related. 2 types: cause and effect diagrams, system or process flowcharts
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What is a Histogram
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A bar chart showing a distribution of variables. Each column represents an attribute or characteristic of a problem/situation. The height of each column represents the relative frequency of the characteristic. Helps identify the cause of problems in a process by the shape and width of distribution
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Describe Pareto Charts
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a specific type of histogram ordered by frequency of occurrence that shows how many defects were generated by type or category of identified cause. Is used primarily to identify and evaluate non-conformities. Rank ordering is used to guide corrective action - team should take action to fix the problems that are causing the greatest number of defects 1st. Biggest bang for the buck
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What is Pareto's Law. AKA?
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Holds that a relatively small number of causes will typically produce a large majority of problems/defects. AKA 80/20 principle
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Describe Run Charts
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Shows the history and pattern of variation. A line graph that shows data points plotted in the order in which they occur. Show trends in a process over time, variation in time, declines/improvements in process over time.
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Describe Scatter Diagrams
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shows the pattern of relationship between 2 variables. Allows the quality team to study and identify the possible relationship between changes observed in 2 variables. Dependent vs. Independent. The closer they are in a diagonal line, the more closely related
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Identify other TTs used in QC that are not part of the top 7
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Statistical Sampling, Inspection, Defect Repair Review
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Is a valid statistical sampling just as good as doing 100% sampling
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yup
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Identify the different types of samples
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Objective Attributes - something that either has a yes or no outcome. An objective answer - it either meets it or doesn’t. Subjective Attributes -- opinion based. Variables -- things that are not black or white.. The grey area
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What is gold platting
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giving the customer more than the requirements - wastes time and money.
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Philip Crosby
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Quality is Free. By having good quality policies, procedures and control - you won't have to do rework. Will give us payback in the end and therefore it is free
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What is the Sheward-Demming cycle
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PLAN- DO- CHECK - ACT
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Differentiate between the cost of conformance and cost of non-conformance
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cost of conformance is all costs put into quality to ensure that requirements are fulfilled. Includes - prevention costs- which are up front costs that are spent such as design reviews, planning, vendor/supplier surveys and appraisal costs - which are costs associated with the evaluation of the product to see whether the requirements are met. Cost of non-conformance are both internal failure costs (repair, defect evaluation, corrective actions to bring something back into conformance) and external (the worst -- e.g. - customer returns) . TWO TYPES OF NONCONFORMANCE: scrap and rework.
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Which of the two are the real cost?
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non-conformance
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What is the Rule of 7
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An assignable cause that states that whenever there are 7 consecutive results on the same side of the mean (including the mean), this is cause for investigation. If there are more than 7 mistakes - you need to do inspection
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What is a check sheet
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A graphic diagram with notations of quality defects (like when you rent a car)
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Kaizen
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technology and quality management philosophy of applying continuous small improvements to reduce costs and ensure consistency or project performance. Improving quality is continuous
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What is marginal analysis
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studies the cost of incremental improvements to a process or product and compares it against the increase in revenue made from the improvements.
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How does reengineering differ from continuous improvement
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reengineering is a radical change. Kazan is incremental and continuous
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What is JIT
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A scheduling technique that demands higher quality. Producing deliverables or improving processes JUST IN TIME . This reduces the cost of things until they are needed and improves cash flow.
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When it comes to quality, the law of diminishing return says that
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Beyond a certain point, additional investment in quality has a negative ROI
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You are leading a research project that will require between 10 -20 aerospace engineers. Some senior-level aerospace engineers are available. They are more productive than junior-level engineers, who cost less and are available as well. You want to determine the optimal combination of senior level and junior-level personnel. What is the appropriate technique to use
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DOE (Design of Experiments)- what's the 1 variable that going to give us a big bang improvement.
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The purpose of the Taguchi method is to
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Use statistical techniques to compute a "loss function" to determine the cost of producing products tat fail to achieve a target value
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what is a work flow diagram
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graphical representation of how work flows through a facility. Used for analyzing flow processes - illustrating flows and efficiency.
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Identify the 4 basic aspects of the fishbone diagram
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Man, method, material and machine. Looking for the causes of the causes of the causes. AKA - the 5 WHYs
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What is a check sheet
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A graphic diagram with notations of quality defects (like when you rent a car)
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Kaizen
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technology and quality management philosophy of applying continuous small improvements to reduce costs and ensure consistency or project performance. Improving quality is continuous
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What is marginal analysis
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studies the cost of incremental improvements to a process or product and compares it against the increase in revenue made from the improvements.
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How does reengineering differ from continuous improvement
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reengineering is a radical change. Kazan is incremental and continuous
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What is JIT
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A scheduling technique that demands higher quality. Producing deliverables or improving processes JUST IN TIME . This reduces the cost of things until they are needed and improves cash flow.
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Discuss the relationship between quality and morale
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Quality increases when people are motivated and have a lot of pride in what they do. Decreases with morale and turn over.
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What is ISO 9000
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An international standard that helps orgs follow their own quality procedures. NOT a quality system
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What is in a quality policy
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defines quality requirements
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What is the main purpose of the quality deployment process?
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Provide better product definition and product development
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In order to monitor the number of errors or defects that have been identified and the number than remain undetected, you should 1- design an experiment, 2- use a checklist, c- conduct trend analysis, d- perform an audit
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conduct trend analysis
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What is the first step in preparing a quality management plan. 1- determine quality metrics, 2- identify the quality standards for the project 3- develop a quality policy 4- identify quality management roles and responsibilities
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Develop a quality policy
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6 Sigma refers to the aim of setting tolerance limits at 6 standard deviations from the mean, whereas the normally expected deviation of a process is
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3 standard deviations
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Of all of the quality control techniques, which is the cheapest
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Statistical Sampling
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Your management has prescribed that a quality audit be conducted at the end of every phase in a project. This audit is part of the org: 1- QA process, 2- QC process, 3- Quality improvement process, 4- process adjustment process
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Quality Assurance
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What is a failure mode and criticality analysis
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Evaluate failure modes and causes associated with the design and manufacture a new product
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What are the results of quality control testing and measurements used for
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Input to Quality assurance
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a statistical control chart is a tool used primarily to help
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Monitor process variation over time
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