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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Accepted Deliverables
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Products, results, or capabilities produced by a project and validated by the project customer or sponsors as meeting their specified acceptance criteria.
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Accuracy
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Within the quality management system, this is an assessment of correctness.
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Activity Network Diagrams
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Preferred term: Project Schedule Network Diagram.
A graphical representation of the logical relationships among the project schedule activities. |
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Activity-on-Node (AON)
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Preferred term: Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM).
A technique used for constructing a schedule model in which activities are represented by nodes and are graphically linked by one or more logical relationships to show the sequence in which the activities are to be performed. |
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Additional Quality Planning Tools
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A set of tools used to define the quality requirements and to plan effective quality management activities. They include, but are not limited to: brainstorming, force field analysis, nominal group techniques and quality management and control tools.
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Affinity Diagram
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A group creativity technique that allows large numbers of ideas to be classified into groups for review and analysis.
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Approved Change Request
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A change request that has been processed through the integrated change control process and approved.
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Approved Change Requests Review
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A review of the change requests to verify that these were implemented as approved.
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Attribute Sampling
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Method of measuring quality that consists of noting the presence (or absence) of some characteristic (attribute) in each of the units under consideration. After each unit is inspected, the decision is made to accept a lot, reject it, or inspect another unit.
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Benchmarking
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The comparison of actual or planned practices; such as processes and operations, to those of comparable organizations to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance. This may be considered an analogous method.
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Cause and Effect Diagram
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A decomposition technique that helps trace an undesirable effect back to its root cause.
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Central Tendency
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A property of the central limit theorem predicting that the data observations in a distribution will tend to group around a central location. The three typical measures are the mean, median, and mode.
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Checksheets
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A tally sheet that can be used as a checklist when gathering data.
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Conformance
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Within the quality management system, this is a general concept of delivering results that fall within the limits that define acceptable variation for a quality requirement.
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Conformance Work
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In the cost of quality framework, this is done to compensate for imperfections that prevent organizations from completing planned activities correctly as essential first-time work. It consists of actions that are related to prevention and inspection.
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Control Chart
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A graphic display of process data over time and against established control limits, which has a centerline that assists in detecting a trend of plotted values toward either control limit.
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Control limits
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The area composed of three standard deviations on either side of the centerline or mean of a normal distribution of data plotted on a control chart, which reflects the expected variation in the data. Related term: Specification Limits.
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Control Quality
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The process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess· performance and recommend necessary changes.
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Corrective Action
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An intentional activity that realigns the performance of the project work with the project management plan.
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Cost of Quality
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A method of determining the costs incurred to ensure quality. Prevention and appraisal costs (cost of conformance) include costs for quality planning, quality control (QC), and quality assurance to ensure compliance to requirements (i.e., training, QC systems, etc.). Failure costs (cost of nonconformance) include costs to rework products, components, or processes that are non-compliant, costs of warranty work and waste, and loss of reputation.
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
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A financial analysis tool used to determine the benefits provided by a project against its costs (a Plan Quality Management tool)
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Control limits
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The area composed of three standard deviations on either side of the centerline or mean of a normal distribution of data plotted on a control chart, which reflects the expected variation in the data. Related term: Specification Limits.
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Control Quality
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The process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes.
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Cost Baseline
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The approved version of the time-phased project budget, excluding any management reserves, which can be changed only through formal change control procedures and is used as a basis for comparison to actual results.
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Cost of Quality
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A method of determining the costs incurred to ensure quality. Prevention and appraisal costs (cost of conformance) include costs for quality planning, quality control (QC), and quality assurance to ensure compliance to requirements (i.e., training, QC systems, etc.). Failure costs (cost of nonconformance) include costs to rework products, components, or processes that are non-compliant, costs of warranty work and waste, and loss of reputation.
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
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A financial analysis tool used to determine the benefits provided by a project against its costs.
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Criteria
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Standards, rules, or tests on which a judgment or decision can be based or by which a product, service, result, or process can be evaluated.
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Critical Path Method
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A method used to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical network paths within the schedule model.
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Customer Satisfaction
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Within the quality management system, a state of fulfillment in which the needs of a customer are met or exceeded for the customer's expected experiences as assessed by the customer at the moment of evaluation.
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Defect
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An imperfection or deficiency in a project component where that component does not meet its requirements or specifications and needs to be either repaired or replaced.
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Defect Repair
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An intentional activity to modify a nonconforming product or product component.
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Design of Experiments
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A statistical method for identifying which factors may influence specific variables of a product or process under development or in production.
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Enterprise Environmental Factors
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Conditions, not under the immediate control of the team, that influence, constrain, or direct the project, program, or portfolio.
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Flowchart
(Synonym: Process Map) |
The depiction in a diagram format of the inputs, process actions, and outputs of one or more processes within a system.
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Grade
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A category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use (e.g., "hammer") but do not share the same requirements for quality (e.g., different hammers may need to withstand different amounts of force).
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Histogram
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A special form of bar chart used to describe the central tendency, dispersion, and shape of a statistical distribution.
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Inspection
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Examining or measuring to verify whether an activity, component, product, result, or service conforms to specified requirements.
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Interrelationship Digraphs
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A quality management planning tool, the interrelationship digraphs provide a process for creative problem-solving in moderately complex scenarios that possess intertwined logical relationships.
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Matrix Diagrams
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A quality management and control tool used to perform data analysis within the organizational structure created in the matrix. This diagram seeks to show the strength of relationships between factors, causes, and objectives that exist between the rows and columns that form the matrix.
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Monitor
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Collect project performance data with respect to a plan, produce performance measures, and report and disseminate performance information.
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Nominal Group Technique
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A technique that enhances brainstorming with a voting process used to rank the most useful ideas for further brainstorming or for prioritization.
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Nonconformance Work
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In the cost of quality framework, nonconformance work is done to deal with the consequences of errors and failures in doing activities correctly on the first attempt. In efficient quality management systems, the amount of nonconformance work will approach zero.
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Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)
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A hierarchical representation of the project organization that illustrates the relationship between project activities and the organizational units that will perform those activities.
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Pareto Diagram
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A histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence, that shows how many results were generated by each identified cause.
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Perform Quality Assurance
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The process of auditing the quality requirements and the results from quality control measurements to ensure that appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used.
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Plan Quality Management
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The process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements.
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Practice
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A specific type of professional or management activity that contributes to the execution of a process and that may employ one or more techniques and tools.
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Precedence Diagramming Method (POM)
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A technique used for constructing a schedule model in which activities are represented by nodes and are graphically linked by one or more logical relationships to show the sequence in which the activities are to be performed.
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Precision
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Within the quality management system, precision is a measure of exactness.
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Preventive Action
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An intentional activity that ensures the future performance of the project work is aligned with the project management plan.
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Prioritization Matrices
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A quality management planning tool used to identify key issues and evaluate suitable alternatives to define a set of implementation priorities.
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Process Analysis
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A process analysis follows the steps outlined in the process improvement plan to identify needed improvements.
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Process Decision Program Charts (PDPC)
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A charting tool used to understand a goal in relation to the steps for getting to the goal.
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Process Improvement Plan
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A subsidiary plan of the project management plan. It details the steps for analyzing processes to identify activities that enhance their value.
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Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
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A technique for estimating that applies a weighted average of optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates when there is uncertainty with the individual activity estimates.
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Project Quality Management
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Project Quality Management includes the processes and activities of the performing organization that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
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Quality
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The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.
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Quality Audits
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A quality audit is a structured, independent process to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
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Quality Checklists
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A structured tool used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed.
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Quality Control Measurements
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The documented results of control quality activities.
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Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
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A facilitated workshop technique that helps to determine critical characteristics for new product development.
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Quality Management and Control Tools
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They are a type of quality planning tools used to link and sequence the activities identified.
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Quality Management Plan
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A component of the project or program management plan that describes how an organization's quality policies will be implemented.
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Quality Management System
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The organizational framework whose structure provides the policies, processes, procedures, and resources required to implement the quality management plan. The typical project quality management plan should be compatible to the organization's quality management system.
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Quality Metrics
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A description of a project or product attribute and how to measure it.
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Quality Policy
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A policy specific to the Project Quality Management Knowledge Area, it establishes the basic principles that should govern the organization's actions as it implements its system for quality management.
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Quality Requirement
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A condition or capability that will be used to assess conformance by validating the acceptability of an attribute for the quality of a result.
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Requirements Documentation
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A description of how individual requirements meet the business need for the project.
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Result
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An output from performing project management processes and activities. Results include outcomes (e.g., integrated systems, revised process, restructured organization, tests, trained personnel, etc.) and documents (e.g., policies, plans, studies, procedures, specifications, reports, etc.). Related term: Deliverable.
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Rework
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Action taken to bring a defective or nonconforming component into compliance with requirements or specifications.
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Scatter Diagram
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A correlation chart that uses a regression line to explain or to predict how the change in an independent variable will change a dependent variable.
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Schedule Baseline
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The approved version of a schedule model that can be changed only through formal change control procedures and is used as a basis for comparison to actual results.
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Seven Basic Quality Tools
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A standard toolkit used by quality management professionals who are responsible for planning, monitoring, and controlling the issues related to quality in an organization. Tools include: Cause & Effect Diagram, Flowcharts, Checksheets, Pareto Diagrams, Histograms, Control Charts, and Scatter Diagrams.
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Simulation
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A simulation uses a project model that translates the uncertainties specified at a detailed level into their potential impact on objectives that are expressed at the level of the total project. Project simulations use computer models and estimates of risk, usually expressed as a probability distribution of possible costs or durations at a detailed work level, and are typically performed using Monte Carlo analysis.
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Specification limits
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The area, on either side of the centerline, or mean, of data plotted on a control chart that meets the customer's requirements for a product or service. This area may be greater than or less than the area defined by the control limits. Related term: Control Limits.
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Statistical Sampling
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Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
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Technique
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A defined systematic procedure employed by a human resource to perform an activity to produce a product or result or deliver a service, and that may employ one or more tools.
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Threshold
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A cost, time, quality, technical, or resource value used as a parameter, and which may be included in product specifications. Crossing the threshold should trigger some action, such as generating an exception report.
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Tolerance
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The quantified description of acceptable variation for a quality requirement.
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Tool
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Something tangible, such as a template or software program, used in performing an activity to produce a product or result.
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Variation
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An actual condition that is different from the expected condition that is contained in the baseline plan.
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Verification
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The evaluation of whether or not a product, service, or system complies with a regulation, requirement, specification, or imposed condition. It is often an internal process. Contrast with: Validation.
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Verified Deliverables
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Completed project deliverables that have been checked and confirmed for correctness through the Control Quality process.
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WBS Dictionary
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A document that provides detailed deliverable, activity, and scheduling information about each component in the work breakdown structure.
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Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
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A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables.
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Tree Diagram
(Synonym: Systematic diagrams) |
A systematic diagram of a decomposition hierarchy used to visualize as parent-to-child relationships a systematic set of rules.
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Variables Sampling
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A form of sampling where the result is rated on a continuous scale that measures the degree of conformity.
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Process Boundary
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A description of the purpose of the process, the start and end of the process, its inputs and outputs, the process owner, and the stakeholders of the process.
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Process Configuration
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A graphic depiction of processes with interfaces identified. It is used to facilitate analysis.
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Process Metrics
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Parameters or measures of quantitative assessment used for measurement, comparison or to track
performance or production. These allow analysis of process efficiency when used along with control limits. |
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Cost of Conformance
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A cost of quality that consists of prevention (training, document processes, equipment ...) and appraisal (testing and inspections) costs. I.e., Money spent during the project to avoid failures.
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Cost of Nonconformance
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A cost of quality that consists of internal failure costs (Failures found by the project, such as rework and scrap) and external failure costs (Failures found by the customer, such as liabilities, warranty work, and lost business).
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SIPOC Model
(Acronym: Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Customer) (Synonym: COPIS) |
This diagram maps a process at a high level and identifies potential gaps between suppliers and inputs specifications and between outputs specifications and customers expectations, thus defining the scope for process improvement activities.
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