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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Net result for first 3 steps in glycolysis is to convert:
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unphosphorylated molecule (glucose) to double phosphorylated molecule (fructose 1,6 bisphosphate).
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Phophorylation takes place on Carbon 6 (in Gly 1) because:
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hydroxyl group can be readily linked to phosphate group to form the phosphoester glucose 6-phosphate.
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ATP hydrolysis provides a phosphate group and also makes it to be
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irreversible (exergonic)
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Bond formed when glucose is phosphorylated is:
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Phosphoester bond.
Low energy bond. |
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Phosphoanhydride bond links
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the terminal ATP together.
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Enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction is:
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Hexokinase.
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Enzyme important in regulation of glycolysis is:
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PFK-1
PhosphoFructose Kinase 1 |
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Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate is split reversibilty by:
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Aldolase
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Aldolase yeilds how many carbon sugars?
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two trioses
(3 carbon sugars) |
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The two triposes are called:
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1. Dihudroxyacetone phosphate
DHAP 2. Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate GA3P |
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Step 1 of glycolysis involves which reactions?
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Gly 1 to Gly 5
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Step 2 of Glycolysis involves which reactions?
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Gly 6 to Gly 7
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Step 3 of Glycolysis involves which reactions?
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Gly 8 to Gly 10
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How many ATP have been consumed per molecule in Phase 1?
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2 molecules of ATP per molecule have been consumed.
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In Phase 2, ATP production is linked directly to an:
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oxidative event.
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In Phase 3, energy rich phosphorylated form of pyruvate molecule serves as a driving force for:
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ATP generation.
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Phase 3, how many ATP are generated?
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2 more ATP molecules are generated in final phase.
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In the final phase of Glycolysis, the Phosphoester Bond is converted to:
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Phosphoenol Bond.
(highly exergonic) |
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Enolase removes
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water from 2-phosphglycerate
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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is a ____ energy compound.
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PEP is "High" energy compound.
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This reaction summarizes which phase of Glycolysis?
Glucose + 2 ATP --> 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + 2 ADP |
The first phase of glycolysis.
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This reaction summarizes which phase of Glycolysis?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + ADP + Pi ---> 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH + H + ATP |
Second Phase of Glycolysis
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This reaction summarizes which phase of Glycolysis?
3-phosphoglycerate + ADP ---> pyruvate + ATP |
The third phase of glycolysis
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How many ATP were first invested in Gly 1 and Gly 3?
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Two ATP in Gly 1 and Gly 3
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How many ATP were returned in Gly 7?
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2 ATP returned in Gly 7
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Overall Expression for Glycolysis:
glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -----> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 ATP |
Glycolysis is a highly exergonic reaction.
All cells possess ability to extract energy (by oxidizing it to pyruvate). |
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Fate of pyruvate depends on:
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whether oxygen is available.
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In the presence of Oxygen, Pyruvate is oxidized to
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Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA).
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Acetyl CoA can be completely oxidized to
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CO2
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Acetyl CoA can generate up to how many ATP?
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Acetyl CoA can generate up to 30 ATP per glucose.
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In the absence of Oxygen, how many ATP can be generated?
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None. No ATP is generated in anaerobic conditions.
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How does the cell get energy if there is no ATP generated in anaerobic conditions?
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Anerobic conditions rely on the ATP yield of the 2 ATP per glucose in the pathway.
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Glucose is consumed more rapidly in order to:
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maintain steady state cellular ATP levels.
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In anaerobic conditions pyruvate is reduced by...
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accepting electrons and protons, must be removed from NADH.
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Products of pyruvate reduction are (anerobic and aerobic)
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Aerobic: CO2
Anerobic: Ethanol, Lactate |
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In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation and regenerates:
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NAD+
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Lactate is generated from the direct transfer of electrons from:
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NADH to the carbobyl group of pyruvate.
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What enzyme catalyses lactate?
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Lactate Dehydrogenase
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In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate loses a carbon atom (CO2) to form:
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the 2 Carbon compound acetaldeyde.
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Acetaldehyde reduction by NADH makes
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Ethanol
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What are teh 2 enzumes that catalyze alcohol fermentation?
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1. pyruvate decarboxylase
2. alcohol dehydrogenase |
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In fermentation, what happens with electron acceptors and oxidation?
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In fermentation, there is no external electron acceptor.
There is no net oxidation that occurs. |
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How many molecules of ATP per glucose in lactate or alcoholic fermentation?
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2 molecules of ATP per glucose in lactate or alcoholic fermentation.
Has 686 kcal of free energy. |
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Is the energy yeild of lactate fermentation high or low?
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The energy yield is low in lactate fermentation.
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Most sugars are what kind of saccharide?
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Mono-saccharide or Di-saccharide.
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Is table sugar a disaccharide?
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Yes, table sugar is a di-saccharide.
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Name 4 common dietry hexoses:
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glucose
fructose galactose mannose |
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Do glucose and fructose enter directly onto Carbon 6 after phosphorylation?
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Yes. Glucose and fructose enter directly onto carbon 6 after phosphorylation.
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Mannose is converted to ____ and then to _____.
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Mannose is converted to Mannose 6 phosphate (M6P) and then to fructose 6 phosphate (F6P).
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Phosphorylated pentoses have to be converted to ____ before being put into the glycolytic pathway.
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Pentoses have to be converted to hexose phosphates.
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Polysccharides are cleaved to form:
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sugar phosphates that enter the glycolytic pathway.
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glucose is the immediate substrate for (2 things):
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glucose is the immediate substrate for
1. fermentation 2. respiration |
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Storage polysaccharides are found commonly in which plants and animals?
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- starch in plants
- glycogen in animals |
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Define: Phosphorolysis
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Phosphorolysis: Resembles hydrolysis but uses inorganic phosphate rather than water to break a chemical bond.
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