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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sudden, impulsive, and seemingly unmotivated notion or action |
capricious |
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what the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any given point in time |
public opinion |
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interviews or surveys with a sample of citizens who are used to estimate public opinion |
public opinion poll |
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method of selection that gives each potential voter the same chance of being selected |
random selection |
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vote with non-binding results test vote |
straw poll |
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type of polls which approval rating tracking and population number tracking fall under |
tracking polls |
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first look at a poll from any certain day |
exit polls |
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focus group sometimes to figure out business |
deliberative poll |
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when voters rally to the perceived leading candidate |
bandwagon effect |
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when voters rally to the perceived trailing candidate |
underdog effect |
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when the name of a place or city is used to denote an industry or government establishment |
metonymy |
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organization that has a hierarchy structure of members who attempt to influence the same area of public policy |
interest group |
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type of interest groups which ACLU, Sierra Club, and Greenpeace fall under |
public interest groups |
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type of interest groups which NOW, NRA, and NAACP fall under |
private interest groups |
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type of interest groups which unions/industries like the Teamsters, UAW, and UFW fall under |
economic interest groups |
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largest interest group to date |
american association of retired persons (AARP) |
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activities of interest groups that seek to influence public policy |
lobbying |
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legal limits on money given directly to a candidate for an election by an individual |
hard money |
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federal hard money limit for the 2016 election |
$2,700 per candidate, per election |
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weakness of campaign laws which circumvents legal restriction or is funneled through political parties |
soft money |
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weakness of campaign laws which is taken advantage of by combining individual checks within the legal limit, but noted as being from an org. |
bundling |
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political ads independently produced by a donor, without direct contact with or influence from the candidate who is the focus of the ad |
advocacy ads |
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three weaknesses of campaign laws |
1) soft money 2) bundling 3) advocacy ads |
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federally registered committee that represents an interest group in the political process through campaign donations |
political action committees (PAC's) |
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PAC that doesn't have any limits but can't coordinate directly with candidates or parties |
super-PAC |
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tax-exempt groups created to raise money for political activities |
527 groups |
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the informal and temporary set or relationships that exists among interest groups with a common goal |
issue network |
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pressure group activity to involve those people at the bottom level of the political system |
grassroots lobbying |
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attempt by interest groups to influence public policy in the guise of a grassroots movement |
astroturfing |
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when a former government official leaves his job, only to become a lobbyist |
revolving door |
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metonymy that represents the lobbying industry |
k street |
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two advantages of interest groups |
1) promotes interests 2) provide education |
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two disadvantages of interest groups |
1) undue influence 2) weakens political parties |
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fluctuations between expansion and recession which is a part of modern capitalistic economies |
business cycle |
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two types of state involvement |
1) laissez-faire 2) interventionist state |
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state involvement style of the U.S. |
mixed approach |
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rise in the general price levels of the economy |
inflation |
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inflation is the product of |
an overheated economy |
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short term decline in the economy that occurs as investment sags, production falls off, and unemployment increases |
recession |
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situation in which there is economic growth, rising national income, high employment, and steadiness in the general level of prices |
economic stability |
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federal government policies on taxes, spending, and debt management |
fiscal policy |
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who fiscal policy is controlled by |
congress and the president |
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federal government policies regulating the nation's money supply and interest rates |
monetary policy |
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who monetary policy is controlled by |
the federal reserve system (fed.(s)) |
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three types of taxes |
1) progressive 2) regressive 3) flat |
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type of tax under which the more you make, the higher percentage you must pay |
progressive tax |
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type of tax under which the more you make, the lower percentage you must pay |
regressive tax |
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type of tax under which everyone must pay the same percentage |
flat tax |
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amendment which authorizes congress to collect income tax |
16th amendment |
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average percentage of the normal american's income which goes to all forms of taxes paid |
35-40% |
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when you spend more than you have |
deficit |
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when you have more than you spend |
surplus |
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when you spend as much as you have |
balance budget |
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all deficits added together |
debt |
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national debt of the U.S. |
$20.5 trillion |
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country which holds the most debt |
china |
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estimated federal revenue of 2017 |
$3.3 trillion |
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estimated federal expenditure of 2017 |
$4 trillion |
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federal reserve system's agency type |
independent government agency |
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number of members in the federal reserve system |
7 members |
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how members of the federal reserve system are elected |
1) nominated by the president 2) confirmed by senate |
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term length for federal reserve system members |
14 years |
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how often a chairman of the federal reserve system is appointed |
every 4 years |
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three of the fed's methods used to control monetary policies |
1) reserve requirements 2) discount rate 3) open market operations |
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index measuring inflation |
consumer price index (CPI) |
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migration of services to an external provider |
outsourcing |
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total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year |
gross domestic product (GDP) |
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U.S.'s GDP of 2017 |
$19.4 trillion |
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stock index based on the weighted value of 30 blue chip stocks (worth 25,000 points) |
dow jones |
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three major stock indexes |
1) dow jones 2) s and p 500 3) nasdaq |
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government program designed to enhance individuals' quality of life |
social welfare |
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two categories of social welfare |
1) social insurance 2) public assistance |
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health insurance for the elderly |
medicare |
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taxes to pay for social security and medicare |
federal insurance contributions act (FICA) tax 2018 |
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percentage of income paid to FICA |
7.65% for the first $128,400 of gross wages |
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year which social security is estimated to collapse |
2034 |
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why social security is going to collapse |
the trust will be depleted, so it won't be able to fund itself |
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three tax deferred retirement plans |
1) individual retirement accounts (IRA) 2) 401(k) 2) s and p 500 |
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full name of the public assistance program known as WIC |
women, infants, and children assistance |
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health coverage for the poor |
medicaid |
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full name of the public assistance program known as SNAP |
supplemental nutrition assistance program |
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program that establishes eligibility based on a certain income level |
means-tested |
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type of social welfare which social security, medicare, disability, unemployment insurance, and workman's comp fall under |
social insurance |
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type of social welfare which WIC, medicaid, and food stamps/SNAP fall under |
public assistance |
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levels of defining poverty established by the department of health & human services |
poverty rate |
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poverty level in 2017 |
$25,100 for a family of 4 |
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percentage of american children which fall under the poverty level ("the forgotten 4") |
21% |
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percentage of all american people which fall under the poverty level |
15% |
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current federal minimum wage |
$7.25/hr. |
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current california minimum wage (for employers with over 25 employees) |
$11.00/hr. |