Pls 160 Exam 2

Front 1

geopolitics

Back 1

the conduct of foreign policy with a view to the political-geographic arrangement of states such as physical location, topography, and resource possession

Front 2

system

Back 2

a set of interacting elements whether in the physical or the social world

Front 3

alliance

Back 3

states that behave as a coalition formalized by a written treaty, for purposes of military security

Front 4

balancing

Back 4

joining the weaker alliance of states in an effort to offset the power of the stronger state or alliance of states

Front 5

bandwagoning

Back 5

joinign the stronger alliance of states in the hope of sharing the spoils of victory

Front 6

soft power

Back 6

the ability to excersize influence through attraction rather than coercion or reward

Front 7

power

Back 7

the ability to overcome obstacles and ifluence outcomes

Front 8

rally-round-the-flag

Back 8

the phenomenon whereby a leader is able to gather popular support for foreign policy initiatives especially during an international crisis

Front 9

foreign policy

Back 9

a guide to action taken beyond the boundaries of a state to further the goals of the state

Front 10

satisfice

Back 10

to select the first course of action that satisfies a minimal set of requirements yielding an acceptable outcome

Front 11

security dilemma (SD)

Back 11

a situation in which one states security is seen as anothgerr states insecurity, leading to a vicious circle of competitve power accumulation

Front 12

mutual assured destruction (MAD)

Back 12

a sirtarton in which neither of 2 states can launch a nuculear attack without suffering enormous damage from a retaliatory attack by the other

Front 13

national missle defense (NMD)

Back 13

a system designed to protect a states homeland from a ballistic missle strike

Front 14

democratic peace (DP)

Back 14

the phenomenon whereby stable democracies are unlikely to engage in militarized disputes with each other or to let any such disputes escalate to war

Front 15

relative deprivation

Back 15

a common cause of civil conflict; results when peole feel deprived relative to other or relative to their own expectations

Front 16

power

Back 16

the ability to overcome obstacles and onfluence outcomes

Front 17

arms race

Back 17

an action reaction process of acquiring arms in response to the arms acquistions of an adversary

Front 18

things to consider when analysing the world system

Back 18

1. number and size of state actors(primary indicator od the structure of the system)
2. number and type of nonstate actors
3. Nature of interactions and linkages
4. degree of interdependence

Front 19

characterizing the world system

Back 19

who are the powerful actors and how is power distrubuted

Front 20

degree of hierarchy

Back 20

world system is anarchic because there is no legal authority that governs of exists above the nation state, but there may be some degree off order based on who has power and the ability to influence others

Front 21

sphere of influence

Back 21

powerful states often try to create spheres of influence (soviet union and the US during cold war)
The actions of smalls tates are especially limited when they sit within the sphere of larger states

Front 22

polarity

Back 22

the number of actors makes a difference as parrerns of interaction differ greatly in different sized groups

Front 23

multipolarity

Back 23

many powers, pre WW1 europe

Front 24

polarization

Back 24

when 2 or more alliances form among a larger number of major power/ the tendency for actors to cluster around

Front 25

bipolarity

Back 25

2 major powers, relatively common in history

Front 26

bipolar polarization

Back 26

the cold war: US and soviet union filled the power vaccum after WW2
2 superpowers formed opposing alliances and the world was increasingly polarized (many states did manage to stay alligned)

Front 27

hegemonic stability

Back 27

rests on the ability of one state to establish and enforce the international rules of the game
hegemon dominates everything and is willing to set all the rules

Front 28

influence

Back 28

a state makes other prefer or take certain courses of actions over other alternatives that otherwise there states are not likelt to do so

Front 29

structural power

Back 29

tha ability of state A to affect the context or enviornment for state B's decisions

Front 30

technological setting

Back 30

application of human skills to accomplish human activites
ie railroad, automobile, tanks, satellites all have changed what is possible for leaders thrroughout time

Front 31

military alliances

Back 31

defense pact
non-agression pact
entente

Front 32

defense pact

Back 32

each signatory promises to come to the defense of the other in the event of an attack

Front 33

Non-agression Pact

Back 33

states promise not to attack eachother or to give assistance to an attacker

Front 34

Entente

Back 34

cooming off between countries that proviously were not friendly.
IE France and Great Britian to counter German power

Front 35

poles

Back 35

may be a nation state or group of actors such as the EU or former soviet Bloc

Front 36

Polarity

Back 36

the number of actors makes a difference as patterns of interaction differ greatly in different sized groups

Front 37

polarization

Back 37

when 2 or more alliances form among a larger number of major powers/ the tendency for actors to cluster

Front 38

bipolar polarization

Back 38

2 superpowers formed opposing alliances and the world was increasingly polarized
ie US and Soviet Union filled the power vaccum after WW2

Front 39

stability

Back 39

not being prone to war (there are not many wars they dont last long and they are not severe)

Front 40

bipolar stabilty

Back 40

wars between the 2 major powers must be infrequent or not very severe, otherwise both powers would risk their top-power status

Front 41

balance of power

Back 41

when no single state or coalition of states dominates the international system (not in a unipolar system) Equal players serve as a check

Front 42

hegemonic stability

Back 42

the ability of one state to estabish and enforce the international rules of the game. Hegemon dominates everything and is willing to set all the rules

Front 43

realism

Back 43

ensuring national survival means, state must be aware of the balance of power

Front 44

defensive realists

Back 44

maintain thet foreign policy should be centered around maintaining the relative power and position of states

Front 45

offensive realists

Back 45

argue that states do have an incentive to increase their power

Front 46

unilateralism

Back 46

disregards the importance of international cooperation emphasis on freedom even if that means you ignore rules and norms

Front 47

influence

Back 47

a state makes others prefer or take certain courses of actions over other alternatives that otherwise these states are not likely to do so

Front 48

national capabilities

Back 48

resources that a state can draw upon in order to acheive a desired outcome

Front 49

human capital

Back 49

the skill set of the poplulation, education, health, etc. these can contribute to the states economic, military, and cultural bases of power

Front 50

diplomacy

Back 50

direct government to government interactions between foreign officials in order to communicate desires and accomplish goals

Front 51

military aid

Back 51

use of military capabilities for rewarding others

Front 52

realists

Back 52

care about immediate military security objectives of states and downplay economic ones

Front 53

liberals

Back 53

care about the long term economic and social welfafre of society

Front 54

radicals

Back 54

care about the economic objectives of states but argue for impact of particualr socio-economic classes

Front 55

perfect rationality

Back 55

all info is available and processes (best decision)

Front 56

imperfect rationality

Back 56

rational but within information processing limits (do best we can)

Front 57

maximizer

Back 57

choose the options for the best outcome

Front 58

maximizing

Back 58

search through all possible alternatives, pick best one

Front 59

satisficing

Back 59

search options nearby, pick one that is "good enough"

Front 60

prospect theory

Back 60

people deal with risk differently depending on whether they are gaining or losing

Front 61

loss aversion

Back 61

people will take extra risks to acaid losses

Front 62

territoral dispute

Back 62

one of the most prevalent causes of war

Front 63

framing

Back 63

decisons are not purely rational rather depends on how the question is posed

Front 64

risk neutral

Back 64

expected utility of both

Front 65

risk acceptance

Back 65

take larger risk for larger reward

Front 66

group think

Back 66

the propensity for members of a group to accept and agree with the groups prevailing attitudes rahter than speaking out for what they believe. Two characteristics of group think are:
1. The illusion of invulnerablity
2. Belief in ones own morality

Front 67

remedy to group think

Back 67

1. assign a debater
2. include people woth different perspectives
3. increase group size

Front 68

standar operation process (SOP)

Back 68

rules for reaching decisions about particular types of situations

Front 69

assumptions behind security dilemma

Back 69

1. anarchy
2. self-help
3. security is a function of military capability
4. no difference between defensive and offensive weapons

Front 70

how to east SD

Back 70

geography: physical distance terrain (eg swamp and mountains)

Front 71

j curve

Back 71

tedd robert gurr, economic progress and setback: feeling of RD is most intensive
People and groups do not dight when others have more than them instead thy fight when increased wealth, power status is followed by a sharp downturn (an upside down j pattern)

Front 72

why fight for territory

Back 72

a. human territory
b. tangible values
c. sybolic values

Front 73

tangible values

Back 73

natural resources and strategic values

Front 74

sybolic causes

Back 74

ID, ethinic co nationals, scared history

Front 75

capitalism

Back 75

it organizes the economic means by which people live based on the norions of supply and demand, free markets and exchange

Front 76

democracy

Back 76

it organizes the political means by which people live based on the notions of equality, liberty, and participation, and accountability

Front 77

dyadic peace

Back 77

democraccies do not fight each other

Front 78

conflict resolution

Back 78

democracis trust each other and resolve conflictpeacefully

Front 79

selection

Back 79

democracies are more carful in the decion to go to wars, resulting in less risky wars

Front 80

monty hall dilemma

Back 80

a proability puzzel based on the tv show lets make a deal.

Front 81

top 3 military expenditure countries

Back 81

United States
China
United Kingdom

Front 82

top 3 GDP

Back 82

United States
China
Japan

Front 83

Yales secret society

Back 83

scull and bones

Front 84

power elites

Back 84

national interests defined by small groups of political elites with better education, knowledge, backgrounds etc