- (Plants) - Study Q's 8 - Seed Plants

Front 1

1. What is another name for the seed plants?

Back 1

Spermatophytes

Front 2

2. Draw the cladogram of the seed plants, showing the major groups.

Back 2

0-|-< (not a Cladogram)

Front 3

3. What is the definition of a eustele?

Back 3

A single ring of vascular bundles

Front 4

4. What group of land plants possesses a eustele?

Back 4

The Spermatophytes (Seed Plants)

Front 5

5. What is a vascular bundle?

Back 5

A strand of xylem and ploem

Front 6

6. Why was the evolution of wood a major adaptation?

Back 6

It allowed for structural support so plants could grow taller. This allowed for more extensive branches (the better to capture sunlight) which allowed for greater fitness

Front 7

7. What is a vascular cambium, where does it form, and what tissues does it give rise to?

Back 7

The vascular cambion is: A ring of cells that result in lateral growth

It forms in between the layers of xylem and ploem (slide 10/66)

It gives rise to secondary xylem (wood) to the inside and secondary phloem (inner bark) to the outside

Front 8

8. What is the technical definition of wood?

Back 8

Wood is technically secondary xylem formed from the growth of the vascular cambion

Front 9

9. What does the cork cambium form?

Back 9

The outer bark

Front 10

10. What are annual rings?

Back 10

The rings between the layers of secondary xylem, denoting the different (annual) periods of growth

Front 11

11. What are the three components of a seed?

Back 11

A seed coat, the nutritive tissue, and the embryo (embryo composed of: radicle, hypocotyl, epicotyl, cotyledons)

Front 12

12. What are four adaptive features of seeds?

Back 12

1) Protects the embryo

2) Supplies nutrition to the embryo

3) Disperses the embryo (wind, water, animal dispersal)

4) Dormancy mechanism (can remain dormant until conditios are right for germination)

Front 13

13. What is heterospory?

Back 13

The evolution of two types of spores

Front 14

14. What is the protective layer of a seed termed?

Back 14

Integument (the seed coat)

Front 15

15. Other than heterospory and the evolution of the integument, what other innovation was important with regard to seed evolution?

Back 15

????? (slide 28/66) The female gametophyte developing inside the spore wall

Front 16

16. How is it that seed plants are somewhat opposite to the non-vascular plants ("Bryophytes") with regard to gametophyte and sporophyte nutritional dependency?

Back 16

In Bryophytes, the Gametophyte is dominant and the sporophyte is nutritionally dependent upon it.

In Spermatophytes (seed plants), the female gametophyte is attached to and nutritionally dependent upon the sporophyte.

Front 17

17. What is the strict definition of a pollen grain?

Back 17

An immature male gametophyte

Front 18

18. How long is it between pollination and fertilization in gymnospermous seed plants?

Back 18

A long time period between pollination (transfer of pollen to ovule) and fertilization (union of egg and sperm)
Up to a year or more

Front 19

19. Name the 4 major groups of gymnosperms and give 1-2 features of each.

Back 19

Conifers: Are trees, they have simple leaves, most are monoecious (female and male cones on same individual), and have non-motile sperm

Gnetales: The desert shrub Ephedra is the source of ephedrine. They have simple opposite leaves, male and female cones, and non-motile sperm

Ginkgo: Trees, with fan shaped leaves (which have dichotomous venation), are dioecious, and have motile (swimming) sperm

Cycads: Short trunks, compound leaves, most have cones, dioecious, and motile sperm

Front 20

20. Which two groups of gymnosperms have motile (swimming) sperm and which non-motile sperm?

Back 20

Motile sperm = Ginkgo and Cycads
Non-motile sperm = Gnetales and Conifers

Front 21

21. What two gymnosperm groups are dioecious and what does that mean?

Back 21

Ginkgo and Cycads are dioecious. Dioecious means males and females are separate

Front 22

22. Contrast the Cycads and Ginkgo with regard to stem/trunk habit and leaf morphology.

Back 22

Cycads have short trunks while Ginkgos are trees.

Cycads have compound leaves while Ginkgos have fan shaped leaves (with dichotomous venation)

Front 23

23. What is unusual about the leaf venation of Ginkgo?

Back 23

They have dichotomous venation

Front 24

24. What is the definition of a cone?

Back 24

A shoot system boring sporophylls

Front 25

25. What is a sporophyll?

Back 25

Modified leaf that bears sporangia/seeds

Front 26

26. What kind of sporophylls do male cones have and what do they produce?

Back 26

Male cones have microsporophylls that produce microsporangia

Front 27

27. What kind of sporophylls do female cones have and what do they bear?

Back 27

Female cones have megasporophylls which bear seeds (41/66)

Front 28

28. Name one of the three genera of Gnetales.

Back 28

Ephedra - A desert shrub

Front 29

29. Name some conifers (common names) and describe their leaf morphology and plant sex.

Back 29

Pine, Spruce, Fir, Redwood, Hemlock

They have simple leaves.

They are monoecious - They have male and female cones on the same individual

Front 30

30. Briefly review the life cycle of a conifer. Where are sporophyte and gametophyte?

Back 30

Slide 65/66