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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which form of reproduction is advantageous? |
asexual |
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What is the advantage of genetic diversity among offspring of sexually reproduced plants? |
The mixture of the genes might make them more apt to survive environmental changes |
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What are the negatives to sexually rep. plants? |
1. pollen waste 2. Plant uses energy to attract pollinators 3. sex partners are widely scattered |
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What allows asexual rep. plants to reproduce at any time? |
They are not dependent upon flowers, or sexual organs to mature, or bloom. |
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What are the disadvantages asexual rep. plants have over sexual rep. plants? |
1. no genetic variability 2. quickly fills one area because there is no large distance of seed dispersal. |
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What is fragmentation? |
A form of asexual reproduction where parts of a plant break off, and establish a new plant, right there, next to the old one. -eventually, original, middle portion dies |
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What are adventitious root buds? |
•Formon roots and grow into plants •Budsmay grow while parent plant is still alive |
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haploid cells are ____ and ____ |
eggs and sperm |
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another word for fertilization |
syngamy |
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What happens to a gamete that does not reach syngamy? |
It dies |
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What are the 2 generations in the life cycle of a plant? |
sporophytes and gametophytes |
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Are sporophytes haploid or diploid? |
haploid |
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What do sporophyres undergo to become diploid? |
Meiosis |
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Can spores undergo syngamy? |
no |
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what do spores do to become gametophytes? |
mitosis |
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A gametophyte is a _______ _________ plant |
new haploid |
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What is step 1 in plant sexual rep |
sporophyte (flowering plant) undergoes meiosis to create haploid spores |
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What are the haploid spores that sporophytes create |
immature pollen and eggs |
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What is the name for immature pollen |
1. microspores |
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what is the name for immature eggs |
megaspores |
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step 2 in plant sex |
megaspores and microspores mature into sperm and egg |
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step 3 in plant sex |
sperm fertilizes egg and forms a zygote |
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what does a zygote become? |
an embryo |
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In what phases are the plant a sporophyte? |
zygote, embryo, mature plant |
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in what phases are the plant a gametophyte? |
megaspore/microspore, egg/sperm, up until they fertilize |
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What are the 3 distinctive plant types? |
1. sporophyte 2. microgametophyte 3. macrogametophyte |
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What is the pedicel? |
•Stalk •Singleflower or cluster of flowers |
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receptacle |
end of the stem axis where flower attaches |
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What do you call a whorl of sepals? |
a calyx |
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what is the function of the calyx? |
•Bacterial/fungalspores•Desiccation•Herbivorousinsects•Nectar-robbers |
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What do you call all of the petals together? |
corolla |
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Are flower's coloring to attract us or pollinators? |
They are colored to attract specific pollinators |
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What are the 2 parts that make of the stamen |
1. anther: where pollen is produced 2. filaments: stem |
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what do you call a collection of stamens? |
androecium |
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How many columns of tissue does an anther have and what do they do? |
4 columns prepare for mitosis |
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how many sporocytes are in an anther column? |
4 |
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What are microsporocytes encased in when they are pollen? |
tapetum, and a resistant wall |
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What is a tapetum? |
•neighboring cells acting as nurse cells |
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What is the intine? |
part of pollen •Innerlayer of cell wall•Composedof cellulose |
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•Exine |
•Outerlayer of cell wall of pollen •Composedof sporopollenin•Waterproof& chemical resistant•Protectspollen grain; fossilization•Ridges/bumps/spineunique to each species |
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what are germination spots? |
weak parts of the pollen wall |
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What does a carpel consist of? |
Stigma+style+ovaries |
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What does the stigma do? |
It catches the pollen grain |
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What is the function of the style? |
•Elevatesstigma to useful position |
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what is the function of the ovary? |
•Siteof megaspore production |
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What is a pistil |
manycarpels fused together |
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placentae |
tissue inside the ovary with the ovules |
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when do ovules develop into the seed? |
after fertilization |
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•Funiculus |
•shortstalk carries water/nutrients from placenta |
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•Nucellus |
•massof parenchyma cells |
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what happens to megasporocytes when they prepare for fertilization? |
•Enlargednucellus cellin ovule prepared for meiosis •Aftermeiosis, 3 of 4 megaspores degenerates •1megaspore absorbs protoplasm of the other 3 |
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What happens to the ovule after fertilization? |
it develops into a seed |
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What is a fruit with one seed? |
a single ovule |
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what is a fruit with many seeds? |
numerous placentae with many ovules |
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ovules become ___ after ____ |
seeds, fertilization |
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funiculus |
•shortstalk in the ovary that carries water/nutrients from placenta |
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nucellas |
mass of parenchymal cells in the ovary |
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After meiosis, 3/4 of the megasporocytes in the ovary degenerate. What happens to the other megasporocyte? |
it absorbs the protoplasm of the others |
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After fertilization, the ovule becomes a seed, but what happens to the surrounding ovary? |
It turns into a fruit |
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plasmogamy |
a type of fertilization: the fusion of protoplasts of the gametes to form a zygote |
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karyogamy |
a type of fertilization: fusion of the nuclei of the gametes to form a zygote |
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Indouble fertilization, 2 sperms undergo fusions. What to they fuse with? |
1with egg nucleus, 1 with polar nuclei |
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Indouble fertilization, what does the sperm/polar nuclei fusion form? |
Theendosperm nucleus: the resulting tissue that nourishes the developing zygote |
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coconut milk is |
liquid endosperm to nourish the seed (the coconut) |
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What is the meat of the coconut? |
Where the nuclei form cells |
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Heart stage |
stage of embryo development that at the end of the embryo, 2 primordia are initiated to to grow into 2 cotyledons. Called heart stage because it looks like a heart. |
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dicot |
2 cotyledons |
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monocot |
1 cotyledon |
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conifers |
lots of cotyledons |
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torpedo stage |
stage of embryonic development where embryo is an elongated cylinder and the short axis begins to develop other plant organs. |
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What organs are established with the torpedo stage? |
1. radicle 2. epicotyl 3. hypocotyl |
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radicle |
embryonic root |
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epicotyl |
embryonic stem |
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hypocotyl |
root/stem conjunction |
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During embryonic development, edicots/dictots become thick, their ____________ shrink, and they ________. |
1. endosperms 2. become hard and can split into halves (like beans, or peanuts) |
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If in dicots, the endosperm disappears with development, what happens to the endosperm of monocots? |
It remains present, like in corn. That is the part that we eat. |
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albuminous seed |
•Matureseed with abundant endosperm |
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exalbuminous seeds |
•Endospermis sparse or absent at maturity |
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seed coat |
•Integuments surrounding nucellus haveexpanded/matured to protect embryo |
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pericarp |
the entire fruit wall |
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How might a plant prevent self pollination? |
1. stamen/style mature at different times 2. compatability barriers |
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Where does a plant make compatability barriers? |
1. Pollen tube might be inhibited from forming in the style/ovary 2. stigma prevents it from going into the style |
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imperfect v. perfect flowers |
imperfect: lack either of both essential organs perfect: have all essential reproduction organs |
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dioecious plants |
•Individualsproduce only staminate (male) flowers OR carpellate (female) flowers •Ensurescross-pollination |
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zygomorphic flower shape |
flower that is not simply shaped (almost person shaped), that is specifically pollinated by specific animals |
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actinomorphic flower shape |
pinwheel shaped flowers, requires less specific fertlization |
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traits of wind pollinated flowers |
•Huge # of pollen grains necessary •Large, feathery stigmas to catch pollengrains •Thousands of tiny flowers cumulativelyincrease surface area •Grow in dense populations |
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ovary position where ovary is beneath the other flower parts |
inferior ovary |
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ovary is above other flower parts |
superior ovary |
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true fruit |
contains ONLY ovarian tissue |
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accessory fruit |
•Falsefruit; some non-ovarian tissue present |
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aggregate fruit |
carpels fuse together during development |
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multiple fruit |
•Allindividual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit |
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Dry fruit |
•Nottypically eaten by seed-distributing animals |
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•Dehiscent fruit |
•Breakopen at maturity and release seeds |
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•Indehiscent fruits |
•Donot break open at line of weakness•Chewed,digested, or rot |
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fleshy fruit |
eaten fruits |
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grasses |
fruit class: •1fruit develops from one carpel with single ovule •Seedsfill fruit and fuse with fruit wall •Littleprotection, no attraction for animals•Seedfalls & germinates close to parent•Indehiscent |
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fruit class: legumes |
•Fruitsare dry and inedible •Atmaturity, two halves twist and break open •Seedsare protected by seed coat |
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fruit carried by the wind |
•Light•Have wings or parachutes•Dry 9:[[ |
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fleshy fruits |
pomes, drupes, berries |
