Plant Lab Practical

Front 1

Land plants are also known as _______________

Back 1

embryophytes

Front 2

three nonvascular plant phyla

Back 2

-liverworts

-mosses

-hornworts

Front 3

Phylum __________ are liverworts

Back 3

Phylum Hepatophyta

Front 4

Phylum __________ are mosses

Back 4

Phylum Bryophyta

Front 5

Phylum __________ are hornworts

Back 5

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Front 6

Innonvascular plants the (gametophyte/sporophyte) plant is the prominent lifecycle stage

Back 6

gametophyte

Front 7

In vascular plants the (gametophyte/sporophyte) plant is the prominent lifecycle stage

Back 7

sporophyte

Front 8

rhizoids

Back 8

-root-like structures analogous to true roots

-found on the underside ofthe thallus and are thin, hair-like structures that anchor the thallus to and obtain nutrients fromthe substrate

Front 9

These are

Back 9

Livereworts

Front 10

Male/Female gametophytes?

Back 10

Male Gametophyte/Antheridiophores

Front 11

Male/Female gametophytes?

Back 11

female Gametophyte/Archegoniophores

Front 12

A?

B?

C?

D?

E?

Back 12

A- Rhizoids

B- Thallus

C- Gemmae Cups

D-Female Gametophyte

E- Male Gametophyte

Front 13

Antheridiophores

Back 13

- umbrella shaped structures

-house antheridia

Front 14

Antheridia

Back 14

- embedded in the top of the antheridiophore

-produce sperm via mitosis which swim toneighboring female gametophytes to fertilize eggs produced in archegonia.

Front 15

A?

Back 15

liverwort

Archegonium with egg

Front 16

A?

B?

Back 16

Liverwort

A- Antheridium

B- Sperm

Front 17

A?

B?

Back 17

Liverwort

A- Spores

B- Sphorophyte

Front 18

A?

Back 18

Liverwort

sphorophyte

Front 19

What is the structure show on the thallus and its function?

Back 19

Gemmae Cups

Asexual Reproduction

Front 20

Fertilization in Liverworts

Back 20

sperm from antheridia swims to archegonia to fertilize egg

Front 21

The sporophyte will produce haploid spores via _________

Back 21

meiosis

Front 22

What phyla?

Back 22

Phylum Anthocerophyta/Liverworts

Front 23

A?

B?

Back 23

Moss

A- sporangium

B- sporophyte

Front 24

A?

Back 24

moss- Archegonia

Front 25

A?

Back 25

Liverwort

Gemmae

Front 26

Difference in Liverworts and Hornworts -- chloroplasts

Back 26

Liverworts- many small chloroplast

hornwort- one large cholorplast

Front 27

Difference in Liverworts and Hornworts -- stomata

Back 27

Liverworts- no stomata at all

hornworts- only sporophyte has stomata

Front 28

all nonvascular plants are __________

Back 28

seedless

Front 29

Vascular plants that do not produce seeds:

Back 29

Ferns

Front 30

Vascular plants that do produce seeds:

Back 30

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Front 31

Seed plants are ______________

Back 31

heterosporous

Front 32

heterosporous

Back 32

sporophyte produces two kinds of spores:male and female spores

Front 33

nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants are _________________

Back 33

homosporous

Front 34

homosporous

Back 34

sporophyte only produces one type of spore

Front 35

left?

Right?

Back 35

left-male gametophyte

right- hermaphrodite gametophyte

Front 36

A?

Back 36

fern

Antheridium

Front 37

B?

Back 37

Fern

Archegonium

Front 38

Back 38

fern sporophyte

Front 39

sorus

Back 39

is a cluster of sporangia on theunderside of a fern frond

Front 40

sporangia produces

Back 40

spores

Front 41

Ferns are a part of phyla____________

Back 41

PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA

Front 42

??

Back 42

Fern sori

Front 43

??

Back 43

Sporangia that have been separated from the sorus and have opened releasing spores

Front 44

reproductive organs ofgymnosperms

Back 44

Cones

Front 45

microstrobila

Back 45

-male cones

-contain microsporangia that produce microspores

Front 46

megastrobila

Back 46

female cones

-contain megasporangia that produce megaspores

Front 47

Back 47

microstrobila

Front 48

Back 48

megastrobila

Front 49

pollen =

Back 49

microgametophytes

Front 50

A?

B?

C?

D?

Back 50

A- Scale

B- ovule

C- Bract

E-Megasporangium

Front 51

A?

B?

Back 51

gymnosperm

A-Microsporangium

B- Pollen

Front 52

A?

B?

Back 52

A- pollen

B- pollen tube

Front 53

Cotyledons

Back 53

are seed leaves, which are embryonic structures in the seed that store and digest nutrients found within the seed

Front 54

monocots have flowerparts that are usually in multiples of

Back 54

three

Front 55

eudicots have flower parts that areusually in multiples of

Back 55

four or five

Front 56

Monocots

Back 56

have one cotyledon

Front 57

eudicots

Back 57

have two cotyledons

Front 58

monocots

Back 58

are usually narrow with parallel veins

Front 59

eudicots

Back 59

are usually broaders with netlike veins

Front 60

Petals

Back 60

specialized leaves that form a corolla

Front 61

Sepals

Back 61

are theouter leaves of the flower, are green, and protect the bud

Front 62

Tepals

Back 62

are sepals that areindistinguishable from petals

Front 63

receptacle

Back 63

is the point of attachment of theflower

Front 64

stamen

Back 64

the male structure of flower, made of anther and filament.

Front 65

anther

Back 65

contains microsporangia that will produce pollen

Front 66

filament

Back 66

stalk of thestamen

Front 67

carpel

Back 67

made of modified leaves that enclose the ovule and seed

Front 68

pistil

Back 68

composed of the stigma, style, ovule, ovary and fused carpel

Front 69

style

Back 69

the stalk of thepistil

Front 70

stigma

Back 70

the top surface of the style that receives the pollen grains.

Front 71

A? B?

C? D?

E? F?

G? H?

I? J?

K? L?

Back 71

A- Stamen//B- Carpel

C-Petal//D-Sepal

E-Ovule//F-Anther

G-Filament//H-Receptacle

I-Pedicel//J-Stigma

K-Style//L-Ovary

Front 72

A?

B?

C?

D?

E?

F?

Back 72

A- Solitary

B- Raceme

C- Corymb

D- Spike

E- Capitulum/Head

F- Spadix

Front 73

A?

B?

C?

D?

Back 73

A- Umbel

B- Compound Umbel

C- Uniparous cyme

D- Dichasial cyme

Front 74

3 groups of plant tissue systems

Back 74

vascular, dermal,and ground

Front 75

monocot/eudicot?

Back 75

eudicot

Front 76

monocot/eudicot?

Back 76

monocot

Front 77

The cells shown are _______ and the arrows are pointing towards __________

Back 77

epidermal; stomata

Front 78

Parenchyma

Back 78

-part of ground tissue

-composedof relatively unspecialized cellswith thin walls

- used to store nutrientsand are involved with photosynthesis and other metabolic

Front 79

Collenchyma cells

Back 79

-part of ground tissue

- elongated cells with thickened cell walls at the corners

- flexible supporting cells that provide strength andflexibility to stems and other support structures and are alive at maturity

Front 80

Sclerenchyma

Back 80

-part of ground tissue

- composed of thick-walled cells that provide support and give plants some rigidity

- non-living at maturity

-two types: fibers and sclereids

Front 81

vascular tissue system

Back 81

made of cell types that transport water and nutrientsthroughout the plant

Front 82

Phloem

Back 82

conducts sugars and other solutes from sites of production orstorage to sites of consumption or storage

Front 83

Xylem

Back 83

is tissue that conducts water andminerals throughout the plant body

Front 84

Vascular bundles

Back 84

groups of phloem and xylem

Front 85

Back 85

Sclerids

Front 86

A?

B?

C?
D?

Back 86

A- parenchyma

B- Sclerenchyma

C- Epidermis

D- collenchyma

Front 87

root functions

Back 87

taking in nutrients, minerals, and waterfrom the substrate, anchoring the plant, and storing nutrients

Front 88

Back 88

tap root

eudicot

Front 89

Back 89

fibrous root

monocot

Front 90

adventitious root

Back 90

help support the plant andusually extend from stems

Front 91

Back 91

adventitious root

Front 92

lateral roots

Back 92

branch roots that develop from the side of roots

Front 93

Root hairs

Back 93

- long outgrowthsfrom root epidermal cells

-responsible for the absorption of water and minerals

Front 94

Back 94

root hair

Front 95

cortex

Back 95

functions in energy storage for the plant

Front 96

endodermis

Back 96

innermost cells of the cortex that forms a ring around thestele

Front 97

stele

Back 97

-center of the root isa complex structure

- includes all the tissue inside the endodermis

Front 98

pericycle

Back 98

-within the endodermis is a ring of cells

-that lateral rootsoriginate here

Front 99

The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________

Back 99

root;eudicot

Front 100

The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________

Back 100

root;monocot

Front 101

A?

B?

C?

D?

E?

F?

G?

Back 101

A- Pith

B- Xylem

C- Epidermis

D-Cortex

E-Phloem

F- Endodermis

G- Pericycle

Front 102

Xylem

Back 102

conducts water and nutrients from theroot to the upper parts of the plant

Front 103

Phloem

Back 103

carries a sugar solution from photosynthetic and storagestructures of the plant to sites of utilization or storage within the plant

Front 104

vascular cambium

Back 104

- Between the xylem andphloem in eudicots is a region of undifferentiated cells

- gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem cells, which areresponsible for lateral growth

-monocots lack this

Front 105

pith

Back 105

- made of parenchyma cells

-not in eudicot roots

- in both monocot/eudicot stems

Front 106

Stems

Back 106

- majorphotosynthetic organ of the plant

- responsible for holding leaves and flowers above the ground

-for making sure thatleaves and flowers receive needed water and nutrients from the roots

-lack steles

Front 107

vascular bundles

Back 107

-in stems

- xylem and phloem are grouped into this

Front 108

The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________

Back 108

stem; monocot

Front 109

The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________

Back 109

stem; eudicot

Front 110

A?

B?

C?

D?

Back 110

A- Pith

B- Cortex

C- Epidermis

D- Vascular Bundle

Front 111

node

Back 111

point or region where leaves attach to stems

Front 112

Back 112

Axillary buds

locatedabove each leaf scar

Front 113

terminal bud

Back 113

located at the tip

Front 114

Back 114

simple leaf

Front 115

Back 115

Compound leaf

Front 116

The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________

Back 116

leaf; monocot

Front 117

The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________

Back 117

leaf; eudicot

Front 118

A?

B?

C?

D?

Back 118

A- Internode

B- Node

C- Petiole

D- Leaf

Front 119

petiole

Back 119

the stalk of a leaf

Front 120

cuticle

Back 120

-covers the surface ofthe leaf and is secreted by epidermal cells

-reduces water loss

Front 121

Stomata

Back 121

small openings in the epidermis of leaves andherbaceous stems that permit gas exchange

Front 122

Guard cells

Back 122

two cells bounding thestomata; changes in their osmotic potential regulate the size of the opening to help regulate gasexchange and water loss

Front 123

mesophyll

Back 123

ground tissue made up ofchloroplast-containing parenchyma cells that are responsible for photosynthesis

Front 124

Spongy mesophyll

Back 124

is mesophyll with loosely arranged cells with a lot of air spaces

Front 125

palisademesophyll

Back 125

mesophyll composed of close-packed columnar cells.

Front 126

Primarygrowth of plants

Back 126

elongation of the plant body at the tips of roots and shoots

Front 127

apical meristems

Back 127

- found at the tips of roots and shoots

-responsible for primary growth

Front 128

Secondary growth

Back 128

leads to increases in the diameter of roots and shoots and is seenin eudicots, not monocots.

Front 129

3 primary meristem tissue

Back 129

protoderm, procambium andground meristem

Front 130

protoderm

Back 130

gives rise to epidermis

Front 131

procambium

Back 131

will divide toproduce vascular tissue, specifically primary xylem and primary phloem

Front 132

ground meristem

Back 132

will produce tissue that is involved with storage, production of attractants or defensive molecules, and photosynthesis

Front 133

Back 133

root tip

Front 134

A?

B?

also give function

Back 134

A-Apical Meristem: give rise to leaf

B-Axillary Bud: give rise to stem

Front 135

C?

D?

Back 135

C- lateral root

D- pericycle

**** only in eudicots

Front 136

ovule

Back 136

seed producing plants contains the reproductive cells and includesthe female gametophyte or megagametophyte (also called the embryo sac in angiosperms)that developed from a megaspore that was produced by a megasporangium

Front 137

Simple fruits

Back 137

develop from a single ovary that may be composed of a single carpel or multiplefused carpels

-subdivided into simple fleshy fruits and simple dry fruits

Front 138

Simple fleshy fruits

Back 138

-have thick pericarps

-berries, drupes, pomes, hesperidia, and pepos.

Front 139

pericarp

Back 139

-develops from a thickened ovary wall andwill be the fleshy part of the fruit

- differentiated into exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

Front 140

Berries

Back 140

-tomatoes and grapes and avocados

- fleshyendocarps and mesocarps, which are generally indistinguishable from each other

-exocarpis distinguishable from the endo- and mesocarps

Front 141

Drupes

Back 141

-cherries, peaches, and coconuts

- Theendocarp is the hard layer that surrounds the seed and creates the pit

Front 142

pomes

Back 142

- pears and apples

Front 143

Hesperidia

Back 143

- citrus fruits

Front 144

Pepos

Back 144

-squashes, watermelons and cucumbers

- hard outer rind (the exocarp), a fleshy pulp (mesocarp and endocarp), which aredifficult to differentiate from each other, and many relatively flat seeds

Front 145

Dehiscent

Back 145

- milkweed, sweet gum, peanuts and pea pods

-when the fruit isripe to release seeds

Front 146

indehiscent

Back 146

- do not open when the fruit is ripe to release seeds

- acorns, walnuts, maple samaras and sunflower seeds

Front 147

Aggregate fruits

Back 147

- raspberries

Front 148

aggregate accessory fruits

Back 148

-strawberries

-Each “seed” that you see onthe strawberry is actually the fruit itself

Front 149

Multiple fruits

Back 149

develop from an inflorescence

-pineapple

Front 150

seed coat

Back 150

the outer layer of the seed.

Front 151

Cotyledons

Back 151

store nutrients obtained from theendosperm during embryonic development

Front 152

hypocotyl

Back 152

found in eudicots just below where the cotyledons areattached to each other

Front 153

epicotyl

Back 153

will developinto the embryonic shoot

Front 154

plumule

Back 154

first true leaves that develop in eudicots

Front 155

Monocot/Eudicot?

A?

B?

C?

D?

E?

Back 155

Eudicot

A- plumule

B- hypocotyl

C- cotyledon

D- Seed Coat

E- Radicle

Front 156

monocot/eudicot?

Back 156

monocot

Front 157

coleoptile

Back 157

is a protective sheath that encloses the tip of the monocot shoot

Front 158

coleorhiza

Back 158

is a protective sheath that encloses the radical of monocots

Front 159

Monocot/Eudicot?

A?

B?

Back 159

Monocot- wheat

A- first leaf

B- Coleoptile

Front 160

Monocot/Eudicot?

B?

C?

Back 160

Eudicot

B-Seedling

C- Taproot with lateral roots

Front 161

Monocot/Eudicot?

A?

B?

C?

D?

Back 161

Eudicot

A- Cotyledons

B- Epicotyl

C- Hypocotyl

D- Fibrous Roots

Front 162

tropism

Back 162

growth toward/away from an environmental stimulus

Front 163

Phototropism

Back 163

-is directed growth in response to light

-positivephototropism is growth in the direction of light

Front 164

Gravitropism

Back 164

is directed growth in response to gravity

Front 165

Roots exhibit (positive/negative) gravitropism

Back 165

positive

Front 166

Shoots exhibit (positive/negative) gravitropism

Back 166

negative

Front 167

Thigmotropism

Back 167

is directed growth in responseto touch; think of tendrils of pea plants, or climbing vines that wrap themselves around a trellis

Front 168

hormone

Back 168

achemical signal produced in small amounts at one site in a multicellular organism andtransported to a distant site where it acts on a target cell through the mediation of specificreceptors.

Front 169

Auxin

Back 169

-plant hormone

-effects is the elongation orexpansion of cells

-

Front 170

transpiration-cohesion-tension model

Back 170

as water evaporates from the surfaces of leaves through stomata , thehydrostatic pressure is reduced in the mesophyll . This pulling force (or tension) draws water into the xylem from lower down inthe plant, setting off a chain reaction extending all the way to the roots

Front 171

Stomata

Back 171

- are pores in the plant epidermis bounded by specialized cells calledguard cells

-open during day bc photosynthesis is highest then

Front 172

indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

Back 172

stomatal opening

Front 173

Abscisic acid (ABA)

Back 173

closing stomata