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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Land plants appear in the______?

First type to appear was________?
Ordovician

bryophytes
Vascular plants appear in the_______?
Silurian
Forests of vascular non-seed plants appear in_________?
Devonian
All “plants” evolved from _______________. Closely related to _______________.
algae (photosynthetic protists).

Charophyceans
___________are the primary synapomorphy that defines plants.
Embryos
Embrophytes = ?
Kingdom Plantae – plants with embryos.
4 Key derived traits (synapomorphies) shared by plants and Charophyceans
1. Rosette-shaped complexes in cell wall for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes (more efficient respiration)
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of a phragmoplast (alignment of cytoskeletal elements during cell division)
Derived traits of plants?
1. Apical meristems
2. Alternation of generation.
3. Walled spores in sporangia
4. Multicellular gametangia (production of gametes): female = archegonium produces eggs, male = antheridium produces sperm.
5. Multicellular dependent embryos – embryo, maternal tissue, placental transfer cells.
Apical meristems ?
areas of rapid cell division—tips of shoots and tips of roots
Alternation of generation. What is the difference between a spore a gamete?
Spores (haploid) germinate into a multicellular structure. Gametes fuse to form a zygote. .usually two kinds: egg & sperm.
archegonium
produces eggs = female
antheridium
produces sperm = sperm
durable polymer that prevents spores from drying out.
Protective walls of plant spores and pollen (see later)
Sporopollenin
GAMETOPHYTE
multicellular haploid phase produces haploid gametes by MITOSIS in GAMETANGIA, (male = Antheridia female = archegonia)
SPOROPHYTE

SPORANGIA
multicellular diploid stage that produces spores in

SPORANGIA - multicellular organs that produce spores
SPORES
haploid reproductive cells formed by MEIOSIS (in plants) that develop into new organism (gametophyte phase) without fusing into another cell—genetic recombination
non-vascular land plants?
Bryophytes
Probably not monophyletic
Gametangia
Antheridia (sperm) Archegonia (ova) Water dependant reproduction (limits range to damp environments).
Spores germinate into _________, which grow into the gametophyte
protonemata
Where does a sporophyte grow from in bryophytes? How does it get its nutrition?
Sporophyte grows from Archegonium and is nutritionally dependent on it
3 kinds of Bryophytes:
Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
Sphagnum?
moss that forms peat bogs
Seedless vascular plants have
flagellated sperm, which must reach eggs through a film of water: as in Bryophytes. STILL HEAVY RELIANCE ON WATER
Four major characteristics of vascular plants
1. Sporophyte dominates (Reduced size of Gametophyte)
2. Roots
3. Leaves (increase surface area = increased photosynthesis)
4. Sorophylls
Rhizomes (rhizoids)?
anchor bryophytes to the ground--play no role in water/mineral absorption
Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte in vascular plants?
NO (opposite of bryophytes)
Sporophylls?
modified leaves that bear the sporangia (spore producing structures)
Most seedless plants are _______sporoous
Homosporous
All seed plants are _______sporoous
Heterosporous
Microphylls
Found in lycophytes (club mosses) = single unbranched vein in leaves
Megaphylls
Ferns + remaining vascular plants. Complex branching of veins: larger surface area in leaves
seedless vascular plants include
_______ and _____________
lycophytes and pterophytes
pterophytes include _______ + __________
ferns + horsetails