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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Plant breeding
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the art and science of improving plants in relation to their economic use
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Gene
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a unit of DNA at a specific site on a chromosome which directs RNA in protein synthesis which results in the expression of some certain characteristic in a living thing
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Chromosome
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a structure that contains a strand of DNA and other proteins that holds the DNA molecules together
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chromatid
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Either of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes
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sister chromatids
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Two identical strands joined by a common centromere as a result of a chromosome that duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
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Phenotype
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the visible physical part of an organism that is determined by genetics and the environment
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Genotype
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the genetic makeup of a plant
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Cell cycle
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the collective phases of a cell including G1 (gap 1), S (DNA replication), G2 (gap 2), and M (mitosis)
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Karyokinesis
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the division of the nucleus
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Cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm
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Mitosis
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cell division that results in identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell
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List the different phases of a miotic division and an event characterizing that phase.
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Prophase: chromosomes condense into coils, sister chromatids evident
Metaphase: chromosomes move to equitorial plate, chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers Anaphase: spindle fibers begin to pull apart at either end of the cell, sister chromatids begin to separate Telophase: nuclear membrane forms around each daughter nucleus and a cell plate forms between the 2 new cells |
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Meiosis
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cell division that is associated only with sexual cells where the resulting four cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
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Reductional division
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the first step in meiosis where homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and make two cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
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Equational division
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the second step of meiosis where the two cells resulting from reductional division are split again resulting in four cells with the same number of chromosomes
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List the different phases of the first half of meiotic division and name at least one major event in each phase.
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Prophase 1: DNA exchanged between homologous chromosomes (chromosomal crossover)
Metaphase 1: Chromsomes are paired and aligned by the spindle fibers at the equitorial plate Anaphase 1: Spindle fibers contract and pull each homologous chromosome pair away from each other Telophase 1: 2 nuclear envelope surround separate chromosomes |
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List the different stages of the second half of meiosis and name at least one major event in each phase.
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Prophase 2: each dyad is composed of a pair of sister chromatids and are connected by a centromere
Metaphase 2: chromosomes line up at metacentric plaste Anaphase 2: separation of the dyads into individual chromosomes Telophase 2: nuclear envelopes form around each set of DNA and cytoplasm divides |
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chiasma
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the site of crossing over
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recombination
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a new combination of alleles, the joining of DNA from different sources
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Sporophyte
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a structure that has doubled the amount of chromosomes (2N)
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Gametophyte
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a plant or phase of a plant that produces gametes
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Sporogenesis
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diploid sporophytes undergo meiosis and produce spores with half as many chromosomes
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Gametogenesis
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spores grown into haploid gametophytes which produce gametes capable of fertilization
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Endomitosis
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when chromosomes are replicated without dividing the cell nucleus
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binucleate and trinucleate pollens
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binucleate: pollen with 2 nuclei, store well and germinates well in vitro
trinucleate: pollen with 3 nuclei, does not store well, poor germination in vitro |
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Pollen mother cell
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a cell that comes from the hypodermis of the pollen sac and through meiosis produces four cells that develop into pollen grains
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Megaspore mother cell
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a cell that produces four megaspores through meiosis
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outbreeding (outcrossing)
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when plants are pollinated by other plants' pollen and not their own
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Inbreeding (selfing)
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when plants are pollinated by their own pollen they produce
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Gynoecium
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the female reproductive organs; includes pistils comprosied of stigma, style, ovaries
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Androecium
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male reproductive organs; includes stamens
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monoecy
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having unisexual reproductive flowers of both sexes on the same plant
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dioecy
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male and female flowers are on different plants
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monocot
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a flowering plant that has one cotyledon in the seed
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dicot
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a flowering plant with 2 cotyledons in the seed
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determinate plants
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a terminal flower is produced and no further growth exceeds that terminal flower
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indeterminate plants
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when the main axis elongates indefinitely developing new flowers laterally as it grows
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cleistogamous
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self-pollination and fertilization by an unopened flower
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chasmogamous
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flower that opens to allow pollination
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protogynous
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stigma receptive but pollen not yet produced and given by the anthers of the same flower
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protandrous
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what a flower's anthers release pollen before the same flower's stigma are receptive
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self-sterility
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inability to set seed from self pollen
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self-incompatibility
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inability of a fertile hermaphrodite plant to produce zygotes from self-pollination
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apomixis
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production of seeds through process other than meiosis and fertilization
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Apospory
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embryo sac developed from somatic cells at various locations in the ovule (2N)
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diplospory
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embryo develops in embryo sacs developed from unreduced megaspore mother cell (2N)
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adventitious embrony
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embryo develops in somatic cells of the ovule, integuments, or ovary wall through mitotic division
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parthenogenesis
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haploid embry develops from reduced egg nucleus in embryo sac without fertilization (results in haploidy)
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Mendels 2 principles
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Principle of Segregation
Principle of Independent Assortment |
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Principle of Segregation
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allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly unite at fertilization
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Principle of Indenpendent assortment
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allele pairs separate independently of one another
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