Plant Biology

Front 1

bryophytes

Back 1

nonvascular plants

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Front 2

Tracheophyta

Back 2

vascular plants

Front 3

Lycophyta and Pterophyta

Back 3

club mosses and ferns

Front 4

Coniferphyta

Back 4

evergreen trees and shrubs

Front 5

Gymnosperms

Back 5

cone-bearing trees

Front 6

anthophyta

Back 6

plants that bear flower-like structures

Front 7

Angiosperms

Back 7

extant flowering plants

Front 8

basic structure of plants

Back 8

root system below ground: primary root with secondary roots
shoot system above ground: stem with leaves

Front 9

three vegetative organs of plants

Back 9

stems, leaves, and roots

Front 10

organelles specific to plant cells

Back 10

cell wall made of cellulose
chloroplasts

Front 11

xylem

Back 11

"wood"
conducts water and minerals through plant

Front 12

phloem

Back 12

living tissue of plant
distributes sugars and other organic products

Front 13

cambium

Back 13

undifferentiated cells that can specialize into other tissues

Front 14

cuticle

Back 14

waxy outer coating of leaves
protective, helps prevent water loss

Front 15

upper epidermis

Back 15

upper surface of leaf, outermost layer of cells

Front 16

lower epidermis

Back 16

lower surface of leaf

Front 17

spongy mesophyll

Back 17

middle layer of leaf
area of photosynthesis
has air spaces

Front 18

palisade mesophyll

Back 18

upper middle layer
photosynthesis
tightly packed with cells

Front 19

stomata

Back 19

pore for gas exchange
on underside of leaf

Front 20

guard cells

Back 20

open and close stomata

Front 21

sporophyte

Back 21

diploid generation
produces gametes by mitosis

Front 22

gametophyte

Back 22

haploid generation, the gametes
join at fertilization to form the sporophyte

Front 23

stamen

Back 23

male organs of a flower
stalk and anther

Front 24

anther

Back 24

produces pollen

Front 25

pollen

Back 25

male plant gamete

Front 26

pistil

Back 26

female flower organs
stigma, style, ovary

Front 27

stigma

Back 27

sticky top of pistil
pollen deposit site

Front 28

style

Back 28

pistil stalk

Front 29

petal

Back 29

sterile, often colorful
used for attracting pollinators

Front 30

sepal

Back 30

sterile leaf-like structure
protects bug before it opens

Front 31

ovary

Back 31

base of pistil
contains ovules

Front 32

fertilization

Back 32

union of male and female gametes
a pollen lands on the stigma, a sperm is released and makes its way through the style to the ovary where it can fertilize an ovule

Front 33

endosperm

Back 33

food-storing tissue of seeds

Front 34

cotyledon

Back 34

seed leaf, contains the endosperm

Front 35

epicotyl

Back 35

embryonic plant tissue above the cotyledon and bellow the first leaves

Front 36

hypocotyl

Back 36

embryonic tissue below the cotyledon and above the radicle

Front 37

auxins

Back 37

plant hormone that regulates cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth

Front 38

gibberellins

Back 38

stimulate growth in the stem and leaves
triggers germination of seeds
breaks bud dormancy

Front 39

kinins

Back 39

promote cell division in roots and shoots

Front 40

ethylene

Back 40

-gaseous hormone
released in response to mechanical stress
used for fruit ripening and leaf dropping

Front 41

phototropism

Back 41

growth in response to light source
auxin controlled

Front 42

geotropism

Back 42

growth in response to gravity

Front 43

phototroph

Back 43

energy derived from light

Front 44

chemotroph

Back 44

energy derived form inorganic chemical reactions