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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which 3 types of souls did Aristotle describe and what were they capable of?
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1. Vegetative souls: nourish themselves and reproduce
2. Sensitive souls: sensation, memory, locomotion and imagination 3. Rational souls: reason consciously and take on highest moral virtues |
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What did Descartes recognize when he had a crucial insight that led to analytic geometry?
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Any point in space could be defined by its nummerical distances from arbitrarily defined lines or planes.
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What did Descartes' work 'Rules for the Direction of the Mind' put forward?
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The most elementary and axiomatic units of a subject (simple natures) had to be determined. Just two properties are ultimate simple natures: extension and motion.
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How did Descartes define a 'simple nature'?
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An idea or impression that is at once clear, meaning that it is given immediately in experience and distinct, meaning that is is incapable of further analysis or doubt.
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What idea did Galilei put forward in his work called The Assayer?
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The three primary qualities of shape, quantity and motion presumably reside inherently in matter, whereas the secondary qualities arise only after the primary qualities impinge on the human senses.
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What three particles did Descartes come up with and how did he conceptualize them?
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1. Fire, capable of filling up any space of any shape or size
2. AIr, completely filled all the spaces between objects 3. Earth, all material objects are composed of this particle |
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Which of Descartes ideas contributed to neuropsychology?
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The idea that animal spirits (CSF) flow through the ventricles of the brain. Memory and learning can be accomplished through flowing animal spirits.
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Which 2 kinds of reflexive responses did Descartes theorize on?
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1. Automatic reflexes: vital spirits flowed immediately down the same nerve whose fiber had been tugged
2. Learned reactions: response is not originally connected with its stimulus |
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What was Descartes theory on differation between reactions of human beings to the same stimuli?
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Internal factors such as emotions play a role in animal response. Commotions may develop in different parts of the animal spirit, influencing receptiveness of nearby nerves to flows of spirit toward the muscles.
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What did Descartes describe in his work called 'Discourse on Method'?
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How his method based on systematic doubt came into being and summarizing its major conclusions regarding the body and soul.
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What did Descartes define as innate ideas?
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Ideas independent of specific sensory experience derived from the thinking soul itself.
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Why is Descartes commonly labeled as a rationalist?
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He believes reasond and intellective functions of the conscious mind where more fundamental than sensory experience.
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Why is he labeled a nativist?
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His system posits innate ideas existing prior to concrete experience.
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What new element did Descartes add to the idea of dualism?
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That body and soul do not act alone but rather interact.
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What part did Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia not understand about Descartes' theory?
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An immaterial mind and a material body could interact and mutually influence each other. And how the nonmaterial soul can possible determine the spirits of the body to produce voluntary actions.
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What problem did Descartes stumble upon when suggesting the soul resides in the human brain?
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The brain was a physically divided organ with two symmetrical halves, whereas the soul seemed a unified, single entity.
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How did Descartes define the 'Passions'?
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The conscious experiences accompanying the body's emotions.
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How does the soul respond to this information (animal spirits flow past pineal gland, causing it to move slightly)?
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1. It senses a particular nature of the gland's movement (a conscious sensation of a passion)
2. The soul may take a conscious attitude toward that passion and attempt to influence it (voluntary movements of pineal gland) |