Physiology Test #3: Vascular Physiology Part 1

Front 1

1) ___-are known as "volume reservoirs", they hold blood
2) __-are known as "resistant reservoirs"; muscles of these can be easily manipulated (__&__)
3) ___-are the "exchange reservoirs"; they just have ___

Back 1

1) veins
2) arterioles; vasodilation & vasoconstriction
3) capillaries; endothelium

Front 2

1) arteries are known as the ___
2) veins are known as the ___
3) capillaries are known as the___

Back 2

1) resistant reservoirs
2) volume reservoirs
3) exchange reservoirs

Front 3

Blood Vessel Comparison:
1) veins have ___
2) arteries have___
3) Both arteries and veins have: ___
4) capillaries have___

Back 3

1) big lumen, thin walls
2) small lumen, thick walls
3) endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue
4) only endothelium

Front 4

Systemic Circulation
1) most in ___ (__)
2) smaller volumes in ___

Back 4

1) the veins (2/3)
2) arteries and capillaries

Front 5

Blood Circulation Dynamics
Depends on ___between:

Back 5

Depends on interrelationships between:
1) pressure
2) flow
3) resistance
4) mechanisms that regulate blood pressure
5) blood flow through vessels

Front 6

Principles of Blood Flow:
1) ___-the amount of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time (ml/min)
2) __-the rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue (ml/min/g)
3) blood flow is important for delivery of __&__, and removal of ___
4) __-the physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance; the motion of blood

Back 6

1) blood flow
2) perfusion
3) nutrients; oxygen; metabolic wastes
4) hemodynamics

Front 7

Principles of Blood flow:
1) Blood flow- __of blood flowing ___in __ (__)
2) Perfusion- the __of blood flow___ (__)
3) Hemodynamics- the __of blood; ___of blood flow based on ___

Back 7

1) amount; through a tissue; a given time; (ml/min)
2) rate; per given mass of tissue (ml/min/g)
3) motion; physical principles; pressure and resistance

Front 8

KEY TERMS:
1) __-the actual volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period
2) ___-the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood it contains

Back 8

1) blood flow
2) blood pressure

Front 9

Blood Flow:
1) definition: the actual ___of blood flowing through a __, an___, or the___in a given period
2) is measured in ___
3) is equivalent to ___, considering the ___
4) is ___when at rest
5) ___through individual organs, according to ___

Back 9

1) volume; vessel; organ; entire circulation
2) ml/min
3) Cardiac Output (CO); entire vascular system
4) relatively constant
5) varies widely; immediate needs

Front 10

Blood Pressure:
1) the __per___exerted on the ___of a ___by the __it contains
2) is measured in ___
3) because of blood pressure____
4) ___ in BP within the vascular system acts as the ____
5) BP provides the ___that___even___

Back 10

1) force; unit area; wall; blood vessel; blood
2) mmHg
3) blood moves through the vessels
4) differences; driving force
5) force; keeps blood circulating; between heart beats

Front 11

Blood Flow & Pressure
1) Blood flows if a ___exists
2) blood flows from area of ___to___
3) Therefore: blood flow (__) is ___to the ___(___) between ___
4) if we increase blood pressure, we ___blood flow

Back 11

1) pressure gradient (ΔP)
2) higher to lower pressure
3) (F); directly proportional; difference in blood pressure (ΔP); two points in the circulation
4) increase

Front 12

1) Blood flow depends entirely on __, if it is not changed, there will be __ in blood flow

Back 12

1) ΔP; no change

Front 13

Blood Flow:
1) ___
2) flow is OPPOSED by ___
3) __is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels
(referred to as ____or___)

Back 13

1) F∞(ΔP)
2) vascular resistance (R)
3) resistance (peripheral resistance (PR) OR total peripheral resistance (TPR))

Front 14

Blood Flow
1) ____
2) flow is ___by vascular resistance (R)
3) what is the equation?
4) break it down:what do the letters represent?
5)

Back 14

1) F∞(ΔP)
2) opposed
3) [ F =(ΔP)/ R ]
4) F= rate of blood flow; ΔP = difference in blood pressure between 2 points in the circulation; R = vascular resistance

Front 15

Note:
1) R = __
2) r = ___
3) if you increase resistance, then you ____blood flow

Back 15

1) resistance
2) radius
3) decrease

Front 16

1) resistance is a measure of the amount of ___ blood encounters as it passes through vessels

Back 16

1) friction

Front 17

Blood Flow:
1) Volume of blood passing through per unit of time (__) is directly proportional to the ___ and inversely proportional to ____
2) If R increases, ___
3) __is more important than __in influencing local blood pressure**

Back 17

1) (blood flow); pressure gradient; vascular resistance
2) F decreases
3) R; ΔP

Front 18

Blood Flow: Role of Resistance
1) Picture: blood flow through 4 identical vessels (A-D) is ___; ___equals__
2) If we increase resistance by ___, we ___
3) When vessel B constricts, resistance of B ___and flow through B ___; the total flow ___

Back 18

1) equal; total flow into vessels; total flow out
2) constriction; decrease flood flow
3) increases; decreases; is unchanged

Front 19

Peripheral Resistance: What factors are involved?

Back 19

Three factors:
1) constant factors: vessel length and blood viscosity
2) dynamic factor: vessel radius

Front 20

Peripheral Resistance: What factors are involved?
1) Vessel length & Blood viscosity are ___
2) Vessel radius is a ___

Back 20

1) constant factors
2) dynamic factor

Front 21

Peripheral Resistance: Constant Factors
1) vessel length- the ____, the greater the resistance
2) blood viscosity- the ___, the greater the resistance; ex: ___ hematocrit; ___plasma proteins, the ___
3) Note: blood is THICKER than water because it____

Back 21

1) longer the vessels
2) thicker the blood; increase; increase; greater the resistance
3) has plasma proteins

Front 22

Peripheral Resistance: Dynamic Factor
1) vessel radius- the ___, the greater the resistance

Back 22

1) smaller the vessel radius

Front 23

Peripheral Resistance:
1) something you can control
2) something you can't control

Back 23

1) Dynamic factor: vessel radius
2) Constant factors: vessel length & blood viscosity

Front 24

Peripheral Resistance
1) Resistance varies inversely with the ___
2) what is the equation?
3) what does everything stand for?
4) since __are normally constant: ___
5) if radius is increased, resistance is ___
6) if __increases by 2 times, it will have a greater impact on ___than changes in ___
7) if radius is doubled, resistance ____
8) calculate resistance in tube A and B:___
9) calculate flow in tube A and B:___

Back 24

1) fourth power of the vessel radius
2) R = (L)(n)/ r^4
3) R= resistance; L = vessel length; n (eta) = blood viscosity; r= vessel radius
4) L & n; R= 1/r^4
5) decreased
6) r; R; L and n
7) Resistance reduces to 1/16
8) R = 1/r^4
9) F = 1/R

Front 25

Blood Flow:
1) what is the combined equation for the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance (F=__)
2) this is called ___
3) ___has the most significant effect

Back 25

1) (F=ΔP/R);
F∞(ΔP) x r^4/ n x L
2) Poiseulle's equation
3) radius

Front 26

Velocity of Flow:
1) Velocity of flow-a value equal to the ___divided by the ___ of the ___
2) expressed as ___ (__)
3) depends on __ and __ of the vessel
4) what is the equation?
5) what does everything stand for?

Back 26

1) total volume flow; cross-sectional area; vascular bed
2) distance/time (cm/min)
3) flow rate; cross-sectional area
4) v = F/A
5) v= velocity of flow (cm/min); F= flow rate (ml/min); A= cross-sectional area (cm2)

Front 27

Velocity of Flow
1) as diameter of vessels increases, the total cross-sectional area___ and velocity of blood flow ___

Back 27

1) increases; decreases

Front 28

Velocity of Flow in Action: At the capillary bed
1) vessel diameter ___ and number of vessels ___
2) total cross-sectional area ___
3) velocity ___so that capillaries can____
4) velocity of blood flow depends on the ___

Back 28

1) decreases; increase
2) increases
3) decreases; unload O2 and nutrients
4) total cross-sectional area

Front 29

Vascular Tree: __system of vessels consists of:
1) carry blood away from the heart to tissues
2) smaller branches of arteries
3) smaller branches of arterioles; smallest vessel across which all exchanges are made with surrounding cells
4) formed when capillaries rejoin; return blood to heart
5) formed when venules merge; return blood to heart

Back 29

CLOSED system of vessels
1) arteries
2) arterioles
3) capillaries
4) venules
5) veins

Front 30

Vascular Tree:
1) ___-into right atrium are ____
2) ___-out of the left atrium are____

Back 30

1) veins; oxygen-poor
2) arteries; oxygen-rich

Front 31

Arterial Pulse:
1) pulse-is a ___created by ___ (not a___)
2) normal pulse rate = ____
3) monitored at "___" where pulse is ___

4) is pressure exerted by blood on the inner walls of the vessels

Back 31

1) pressure wave; blood; heart beat
2) heart rate
3) "pressure points"; easily palpated
4) blood pressure

Front 32

Blood pressure:
1) ___-pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
2)___-pressure when the ventricles relax
3) pressure in blood vessels ___as the distance away from the heart increases

Back 32

1) systolic
2) diastolic
3) decreases

Front 33

Blood Pressure
1) systolic-pressure at the peak of ____
2) diastolic-pressure when____

Back 33

1) ventricular contraction
2) ventricles relax

Front 34

Blood Pressure:
1) is highest in ___
2) is zero or negative in ____
3) ___of vessel wall gives diastolic pressure
4) the largest drop in BP occurs in the ___; why they are the main areas for ___

Back 34

1) arteries
2) vena cava
3) elastic recoil
4) arterioles; controlling pressure

Front 35

Elastic Recoil in Arteries: Ventricular contraction
what happens?

Back 35

1) ventricle contracts
2) semilunar valve opens
3) aorta and arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls

Front 36

Elastic Recoil in Arteries: Ventricular relaxation
what happens?

Back 36

1) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (IVR)
2) semilunar valve shuts, preventing back flow into ventricle
3) elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward into rest of circulatory system

Front 37

Ventricular relaxation occurs:
1) elastic arteries acts as ___
2) provide adequate __during___

Back 37

1) pressure reservoirs
2) pressure
3) diastole

Front 38

Role of Arteries:
1)
2)

Back 38

1) elastic or conducting arteries
2) muscular or medium arteries

Front 39

Role of Arteries: Elastic or conducting arteries
1) ___diameters
2) pressure ____
3) known as ___
4) ___is used to____

Back 39

1) largest
2) high and fluctuates
3) pressure reservoir
4) elastic recoil; propel blood after systole

Front 40

Role of Arteries: Muscle or medium arteries
1) ___muscle allows vessels to ___by___or___

Back 40

1) smooth; regulate blood supply; constricting; dilating

Front 41

Role of Arterioles:
1) ___from___to___
2) controls the ___
3) ____occurs in the arterioles, which ___through___
4) no large fluctuations in ___and ___
5) this is the main area where you can ___

Back 41

1) transport blood; arteries; capillaries
2) amount of resistance
3) greatest pressure drop; regulate blood flow; tissues
4) capillaries and veins
5) increase or decrease resistance

Front 42

Blood Pressure:
1) Pulse pressure = ___
2) Mean Arterial Pressure (___)= ____

Back 42

1) systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
2) MAP; Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Front 43

Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Directly related to...
1)
2)

Back 43

1) cardiac output
2) peripheral resistance

Front 44

Factors Determining Blood Pressure:
1) Cardiac Output- ___ & ____
2) Peripheral resistance- ___

Back 44

1) SV & HR
2) opposing force

Front 45

Mean Arterial Pressure: ____
1) MAP = ___

Back 45

MAP: Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
1) MAP = CO x total peripheral resistance

Front 46

Factors Determining Blood Pressure:
1) the friction faced by blood as it flows through the vessels: depends on _2_
3) if you increase resistance, blood pressure __

Back 46

1) peripheral resistance
2) vasoconstriction (vessel diameter), blood volume, and blood viscosity
3) increases

Front 47

Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Peripheral Resistance
1)
2)

Back 47

1) vasoconstriction
2) vasodilation

Front 48

Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Peripheral Resistance

1) vasoconstriction- __of arterioles; __peripheral resistance
2) vasodilation- __of arterioles; ___peripheral resistance

Back 48

1) narrowing; increases
2) expansion; decreases

Front 49

Other Factors Determining Blood Pressure (besides cardiac output & peripheral resistance):
1)
2)

Back 49

1) neural factors
2) renal factors (hormonal)

Front 50

Other Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Neural factors
1) ___involved
2) ___adjustments: parasympathetic = ___; sympathetic = ___

Back 50

1) nervous system
2) autonomic nervous system; no effect (other than on HR); causes vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure); vascular tone (partial constriction)

Front 51

Other Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Renal factors (hormonal)
1) by altering __
2) _____: hormonal control of vasoconstriction and blood volume

Back 51

1) blood volume & vasoconstriction
2) Renin-angiotensin mechanism

Front 52

RAAS:
1) kicks in when ___
2) it __BP by ___&___

Back 52

1) BP is low
2) increases; causing constriction; increasing blood volume

Front 53

Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Mechanism (RAAS):
1) controls for both __and ___
2) renin-->___
3) angiotensinogen-->___
4) aldosterone-->___

Back 53

1) peripheral resistance & blood volume
2) enzyme released by kidney
3) circulating protein
4) hormone from adrenal cortex

Front 54

Factors Determining Blood Pressure
1)Renin-Angiotension Mechanism__->
2) __of__by___-->
3)___-->___---__-->
4) __-->___-->
5) ___-->___

Back 54

1) low BP
2) release; RENIN; kidneys
3) Angiotensinogen-->Angiotensin I; converting enzymes in the lungs (ACE)
4) Angiotensin I --> Angiotensin II
5) vasoconstriction--> increased BP

Front 55

Factors Determining Blood Pressure
1) ___-->___ &___
THEN
2) ___---___

Back 55

1) renin-angiotensin mechanism--> blood volume and vasoconstriction
2) blood volume---renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanisms

Front 56

Factors Determining Blood Pressure
1) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) ___--__-->
2) ___(___) --->
3) __by__-->
4) ___-->
5) ___-->___

Back 56

1) low BP; reaches the adrenal cortex
2) increased aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
3) increased Na+ reabsorption by kidney
4) increased water reabsorption
5) increased blood volume--> increased blood pressure

Front 57

1) a short term mechanism to regulate BP
2) can ___

Back 57

1) baroreceptor reflex
2) increase or decrease BP

Front 58

Baroreceptor Reflex
1) ___to regulate___
2) triggered by a ____
3) heart and vessels ___
4) baroreceptors in the ___ and ___

Back 58

1) short term mechanism; BP
2) change in MAP (either drops or rises)
3) readjust CO and peripheral resistance
4) carotid sinus; aortic arch

Front 59

Baroreceptor Reflex: Increase in BP
1) detected by ___
2) ___of___in___ (will__its activity)
3) ___sympathetic output and ___parasympathetic output
4) __heart rate, __stroke volume, __vasoconstriction
5) ___cardiac output and ___total peripheral resistance
6) __BP (___)

Back 59

1) baroreceptors
2) stimulation; cardiovascular center; medulla; (drop)
3) decrease; increase
4) decrease; decrease; decrease
5) decrease; decrease
6) decrease; (back to normal)