Physiology Of Exercise Lab Practical 1

Front 1

What is the rapid energy source system and how long does it supply energy?

Back 1

The ATP-PC system. Stored ATP lasts for 0-4 seconds, ATP-PC is sustained power for 0-10 seconds.

Front 2

What's the equation for the ATP-PC system and how much energy is produced?
How does this relate to a 70kg man's energy supplies?

Back 2

ADP + CP --> ATP + Creatine + AMP + Energy
7.3 cal of energy produced (making ATP)
With a 70kg man with 570-690 mmoles of ATP and CP and 11kcal of energy per mole ATP, when hydrolyzed to AMP 6 to 7 kcal from one reaction pathway.
11 kcal/mol x 0.57 or 0.69 moles = enough energy for 1 minute walking at 4.5 mph, running cc for 30 seconds or max sprint for 6-12 seconds. (using ATP)

Front 3

What are all the reactions involved in the ATP-PC system?

Back 3

ADP + CP --> ATP + Creatine + AMP + Energy

ATP --> ADP + P + 7 kcal
ATP --> AMP + PP + 11 kcal

ADP + ADP --> ATP + AMP + Energy

Front 4

What is the short-term energy source system and how long does it supply energy?

Back 4

Glycolysis
Table says duration is 0-90 seconds, but elsewhere it says energy to sustain all-out exercise for 1-3 minutes (that might be for both anaerobic systems?)

Front 5

How does the energy produced by glycolysis compare to that from the ATP-PC system?

Back 5

Net of 2 ATP per glucose. About 65 grams of lactic acid produced at max, corresponding to 1.0 to 1.3 moles ATP. With 11 kcal/mole ATP, that's 11 to 14 kcal of energy, which is twice the energy release from the rapid energy source system.

Front 6

What are considered anaerobic power/endurance activities and what is/are the primary energy source(s)?

Back 6

200-400 m dash, 100 m swim, Wingate
ATP-PC and glycolysis
0-90 seconds

Front 7

What are considered strength-power activities and what is/are the primary energy source(s)?

Back 7

power lift, high jump, shot put, golf swing, tennis serve, Margaria-Kalamen stair running test...
stored ATP
0-4 seconds

Front 8

What are considered sustained power activities and what is/are the primary energy source(s)?

Back 8

sprints, fast breaks, football line play
ATP-PC
0-10 seconds

Front 9

What are considered aerobic endurance activities and what is/are the primary energy source(s)?

Back 9

beyond a 1 km run
non-oxidative systems + aerobic-oxidative system (more with increasing duration)
+3 min

Front 10

What's the concept of specificity of exercise?

Back 10

based on notion that different and specific eneryg sources within each muscle respond to specific types of exercise
aerobic emphasized during endurance, rapid and short-term systems for strength and power

Front 11

What is the long term energy source system and how long does it supply energy?

Back 11

the Aerobic system (oxidative phosphorylation - Krebs cycle and ETC)
Becomes primary for activities longer than 3 min

Front 12

What limits the max capacity of the aerobic system?
What might it be for a 70kg man?

Back 12

Capacity depends on:
1. ability to transport oxygen to the cell
2. cell's effective use of oxygen.

70kg man
Max O2 uptake of 5 L/min, x 5 kcal/liter = 25 kcal/min

Front 13

How is power output computed?
Specifically for Margaria-Kalamen test?
Specific to Wingate test?

Back 13

P = (F * D)/t
Stair test:
P (kgm/s) = (Weight of subject x 0.71 meters (4 stairs * 178 mm))/0.49 sec (or whatever was measured)
P = 75 kg x 0.71m/0.49sec = 109 kg*m/sec
Wingate:
P = (frictional resistance in kg x distance traveled(revs * 6m circumference))/Time of ride (30 sec)
P - (5 kg & (60 rev x 6 m = 360 m))/30 sec = 60 kg*meter/sec

Front 14

What is the procedure for the Margaria-Kalamen test and what does it measure?

Back 14

subject runs up stairs two at a time, time from foot striking 2nd step to same foot striking 6th step (up 4 steps)
3 trials
Measures power (from stored ATP and maybe phosphagen system)

Front 15

What's the procedure for the Wingate Test and what does it measure?

Back 15

after warm up, adjust resistance to 6.5% body weight for female or 7.5% for male
Have the subject pedal as fast as possible for 30 seconds, measuring revolutions of the pedals during the first five seconds, throughout the 30, and during the last five seconds, cooldown
Measures anaerobic power (short term energy system - ATP-PC and glycolysis)

Front 16

How do you convert power in kgm/sec to Watts?

Back 16

(kgm/s x 60)/6.12 = Watts

Front 17

Interpreting Wingate:
What's peak power?

Back 17

Relects phosphagen component of anaerobic energy release and indicates the capabilities of the ATP-PC system
Peak power reflects the greatest work performed over a 5 second period (usually first 5 of test - kgm/5sec)

Front 18

Interpreting Wingate
Mean power:

Back 18

Reflects the glycolytic componenet (anaerobic glycolysis) plus the phosphagen (ATP-PC) component of energy release
Mean power reflects the total work performed during the 30 second test (kgm/30sec)

keep in mind that aerobic sources of energy are not non-existant and can contribute up to 20-30% of total energy produced

Front 19

Interpreting Wingate
Fatigue Index

Back 19

Reflects the anaerobic fatigue capabilities of the muscles that are active during cycling. Also called % decrement, it's the decrease in power output from the start to end of the test expressed as a percentage

Fatigue index of 70% means that peak power output declined by 70% over the 30 second test. Lower fatigue index has better endurance, higher - more power perhaps. Fatigue ration depend on muscle fiber type that predominates and training, high fatigue index indicates a greater proportion of fast twitch muscle fibers.

Front 20

How is fatigue index calculated?

Back 20

[(highest power output - lowest power output)/peak power] x 100
(400 Watts - 300 Watts)/400 Watts x 100 = 25%
15th percentile

Front 21

Interpreting Wingate
Use of relative values

Back 21

By dividing a person's power output values by body weight, a comparison among similar individuals may be made.

Front 22

What does a low percentile on the fatigue index imply about fatigue in comparison to the population?

Back 22

Indicates that fatigue happens more slowly

Front 23

What type of athletes are apt to score well on the stair climbing and Wingate tests?

Back 23

Explosive power athletes... b-ball, football, cyclists

Front 24

Why would mean power values from the Wingate test be low in comparison to the Margaria-Kalamen power values?

Back 24

Wingate is longer duration and requires the use of glycolysis

Front 25

Would it be expected that a vertical jump or standing jump test and Margaria-Kalamen tests show similar rankings? Why or why not?

Back 25

Yes, they'd use the same energy system

Front 26

What conditions may alter the results of the modified Wingate test?

Back 26

Not having proper equipment for accuracy (counting manually vs with machine)
Temperature

Front 27

What was A.V. Hill's concept of "oxygen debt"? (1922)

Back 27

When aerobic metabolism doesn't provide all required energy, there's anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production. Lactic acid represents energy credit, i.e. energy not provided by aerobic means. Increase O2 uptake during recovery would be used to resynthesize 4/5ths of the lactic acid back to borrowed glycogen and oxidize 1/5 of the lactic acid to CO2, H2O and ATP. Termed "lactic acid theory of oxygen debt."

Front 28

What factors must be considered if one thinks there's actually an energy deficit in exercise that must be repaid during recovery?

Back 28

1st, show a close and equal relationship between O2 deficit and O2 uptake during recovery. O2 during recovery is actually larger.
2nd, show that removal of lactic acid is directly responsible for post-exercise excess VO2. Studies have found little relationship or consistency with recovery VO2.

Front 29

What is/are the fate(s) of lactic acid, as shown in experiments on rats and humans?

Back 29

>75% metabolized aerobically resulting in CO2 production
~25% converted to glycogen
It is used as oxidative fuel in the Krebs cycle

Front 30

How might production and use of lactic acid transfer between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers?

Back 30

Formed predominately in fast-twitch fibers and diffuses toward capillary beds, where it can be utilized by high oxidative (slow twitch) fibers for energy. Data indicates that up to 80% of exercise-produced lactic acid can be utilized for energy during exercise and recovery.

Front 31

What is the contemporary concept of oxygen debt?

Back 31

EPOC! Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
Factors contributing:
Body/muscle temperature - 50 to 130% increase in VO2 during reovery with only a 3 degree rise in muscle temperature
Increased heart and breathing muscle load during recovery increases O2 demand
~10% of recovery oxygen goes to replenish used blood oxygen stores
2-5% may go to restore depleted tissue oxygen and for saturating myoglobin.
Also produce ATP for resynthesis of CP, and used for tissue repair, ion redistribution, and active transport.

Therefore, used to replace metabolites displaced during exercise and support various ATP requiring functions during recovery. Not only anaerobic metabolism during exercise, but also metabolic, respiratory, and thermoregulatory adjustments of exercise and recovery.

Front 32

What were the procedures for the experiment measuring oxygen deficit and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption?

Back 32

Warm up cart, get weight, pressure temperature, % humidity
Measure expired air at rest for 2 min
Run at 6 mph at 4% grade (12 Mets) for 7 minutes, collecting expired air for 1 minute periods
After 7th minute, stop and collect expired air over 5 min recovery or until return to baseline O2 consumption

Front 33

What did the graph of my exercise on the treadmill look like and what special sections did it have?

Back 33

Relative VO2 climbed quickly in the first 2 minutes before reaching steady state where values were pretty consistent over the rest of the exercise, then dropped (more rapidly at first) during rest.
Oxygen deficit was area above line from onset of exercise to onset of steady state.
EPOC was area under the line from beginning of rest to return to baseline O2 consumption.

Front 34

On EPOC lab (me), how was total O2 consumed during exercise calculated?

Back 34

sum of L/m over each of the 7 min of exercise

Front 35

On EPOC lab (me), how was total O2 consumed during recovery calculated?

Back 35

Sum of L/min over each of the 6 min of recovery

Front 36

On EPOC lab (me), how was oxygen deficit calculated?

Back 36

(steady state VO2 x total exercise time) - O2 consumed during exercise
(O2 required minus O2 actually required)
(2.99 L/m x 7 min) - 19.08 L = 1.85 L

Front 37

On EPOC lab (me), how was EPOC calculated?

Back 37

(O2 consumed during recovery) - (Resting VO2 x total recovery time)
(total O2 of recovery minus O2 normally required at rest)
6.09 L - (0.25 L/min x 10 min) = 3.59 L

Front 38

How do you convert absolute VO2 to relative VO2?

Back 38

multiply absolute VO2 in L/min x 1000 to get ml/min
divide absolute VO2 (in ml/min) by body weight in kg
1.63 L/min x 1000ml/L = 1630.00 mL/min
/63.64kg = 25.61 mL/kg/min

Front 39

Based on fitness levels, who would recover quicker, a fit or sedentary person?

Back 39

I said, A fit person would recover more quickly because she'd reach steady state during exercise more quickly than a sedentary person and therefore have lower oxygen deficit and less H+ and lactic acid to clear away.

Front 40

Would a larger or smaller person have greater EPOC?

Back 40

I said larger would because of greater volume of muscle and blood, but then I said not necessarily because it depends on level of fitness.

Front 41

What would have occurred with EPOC test during an unloaded but active recovery?

Back 41

Blood lactate removale would have occured at a greater rate as long as intensity was below 40% VO2 max. So, the recovery period (& EPOC) may have been shorter.

Front 42

Discuss the physiological mechanisms underlying the O2 deficit in physical performance

Back 42

Aerobic metabolism has a "lag time" so it cannot produce enough ATP to power the beginning of exercise, so O2 deficit is incurred from the onset of exercise until the leveling out (steady state) where anaerobic processes must provide ATP until the aerobic system can catch up.
Maybe add more

Front 43

Discuss the physiological mechanisms underlying EPOC in physical performance

Back 43

EPOC is due to a lot of factors, not just making up O2 deficit.
Some of it goes to replenishment of blood O2 and conversion/oxidation of Lactic acid (esp. initial phase?) but some also comes from increase heart rate and respiration, increased body temperature, and ?
Check and See book for more

Front 44

What aspect of exercise training, frequency, intenity, time (FIT) most affects EPOC?

Back 44

Intensity, because a greater intensity makes steady state higher up so it takes longer to reach it.
Well, but what about frequency, if you did a bunch of work outs maybe you could build up several periods of O2 deficit (ask about that)
Wouldn't be time, because EPOC is mostly related to the initial beginning of exercise and other aspects (such as temperature) would be most influenced by intensity (unless it was really long duration and temperature crept up a bunch?)

Front 45

What would be the expected differences in a trained vs. untrained person with respect to O2 deficit and EPOC measures during moderate intensity work?

Back 45

Explain.
Trained would have smaller O2 deficit and EPOC because...

Front 46

What is the relationship between heart rate, work load, and VO2?

Back 46

Each is linear! (and positive)

Front 47

What were the procedures for the heart rate-workoad and heart rate-VO2 relationship lab?

Back 47

After setup (record pressure, temp, % humidity, heart rate monitor, hook up breathing apparatus, noseclip & monitor), have subject rest for 2 min, collecting expired air during last minute
Record VO2 during last minute of rest and heart rate during last 30 seconds of rest
Run on treadmill for 3-4 minutes (until steady state) at 4.6 mph, 6 mph, and 8.5 mph (8, 10.2, and 14 METS)
O2 consumption measured during minute 3 of each
Heart rate determined during last 15 seconds of each stage
Active cool down

Then field test with same speeds and measuring heart rate manually for 15 seconds after each bout

Front 48

What did the graph of heart rate vs. relative VO2 look like?

Back 48

linearly increasing relationship
y = 3.0636x + 51.348

Front 49

What did the graph of heart rate vs. work load (METs) look like?

Back 49

Linearly increasing relationship
y = 9.1439x + 65.105

Front 50

How did you calculate VO2 max based on predicted heart rate max?

Back 50

solve the heart rate-VO2 equation for x (VO2) and substitute predicted hr max (based on age)

Front 51

How did you estimate VO2 at each workload during the field test?

Back 51

Use equation from tests in lab, inserting measured HR values to predict VO2

Front 52

What are possible limitations of using a HR-VO2 line obtained in a laboratory to estimate VO2 from HR's taken during various exercise?

Back 52

VO2 is affected by differences in temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity of the environment. Also, HR and performance could be affected by stress from the unfamiliar testing environment (equipment and being watched).

Front 53

Explain why heart rate increases with an increase in work. Explain, in physiologic terms, the mechanism for this change.

Back 53

Require more oxygen for more ATP production during more work, so heart rate increases to increase cardiac output.
Mechanism... sympathetic nervous system

Front 54

What types of activities would and would not be most applicable to study using the techniques and principles utilized in this experiment (heart rate-vo2, workload lab)?

Back 54

Aerobic activities would while anaerobic would not really, right?

Front 55

Are any of the running speeds of an intensity to provide sufficient stimulus for the development of cardiovascular fitness?

Back 55

Discuss
Yes, VO2 max was predicted to be 48.30 mL/kg*min and she reached levels that were a high enough %
right?