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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pH of blood |
7.38-7.42 |
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1.Total water volume in the body 2. Extracellular water volume |
1. 600ml/kg (60%) 2. 270ml/kg |
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How to calculate volumes in the human body? |
Total volume: Dilution method Extracellular: markers that cannot pass through membranes (saccharose, inulin) Plasma: Evans blue |
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Spesific gravity of blood |
1.045-1.065 |
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Blood viscosity |
4.5-5.5 (in reference to water=1) |
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Hematocrit definition |
percentage of RBC given per blood volume - 44% = homeostatic Anemia/polycythemia |
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What does blood plasma contain? |
Water and inorganic+organic solutes. - Proteins, metabolites, hormones, antibodies - Ions (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-) |
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Plasma proteins |
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen |
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Function of fibrinogen |
Plasma protein that provides framework for blood cloths |
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Albumin function |
Plasma protein, the most abundant. |
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What is (blood) serum? |
Plasma without fibrinogen |
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Erythropoesis |
Formation of RBC in bone marrow. |
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Amount of RBC per microliter |
Male: 4-5 million Female: 3.5-4 million |
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Hemoglobin concentrations |
Male: 140-180g/L Female: 120-160g/L |
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Cyanosis |
Blue color of blood because of concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin over 5g/100mL blood |
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Erythropoetin |
Protein from kidney that stimulates maturation and proliferation of RBC |
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Lifespan of platelets |
Originates from megakaryocytes. 9-12 days in blood plasma. Phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen. |
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Platelet number |
215.000 /microliter |
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Content of platelets |
- Actin - Myosin - Glycogen - Lysosomes - Dense granules - Alpha granules (clotting factors) |
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Function of platelets |
Hemostasis: prevent blood loss from damaged vessels |
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Phases of hemostasis |
PHASE 2: Platelet phase PHASE 1: Vascular phase PHASE 3: Coagulation phase |
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Transport of iron in the bloodstream |
As Fe3+, bound to apotransferrin |
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What gives the different blood types? |
Antigens on the surface of RBCs (antiglutinoges). Antibodies present in the plasma (antiglutinins). |
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Are blood types inherited? |
Antigens are inherited. Antibodies develop after birth. |
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Describe the AB0 blood system |
Antigens: A or B Antibodies in plasma: Anti-A or Anti-B Blood type A: A-antigen and B-antibody Blood type B: B-antigen and A antibody Blood type AB: Both antigens but no antibody Blood type 0: No antigens, no antibody. |
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What is the Rhesus system? |
8 antigens are present, and D occurs in most humans (Rh+). If a person who is Rh- recieves Rh+, there will be a reaction the second time. (Think pregnancy) |
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Innate immunity |
Fast, non-spesific immune reaction. - Anatomical barriers - Leukocytes (humoral, cellular) - Mechanical removal |
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Adaptive immunity |
Spesific, slower immune reaction. Based on production of antibodies. A- humoral immunity B- celllular immunity |
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Immunoglobulins |
Antibodies produced by plasma cells. 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, S-S bonds. |
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Frank-Starling law |
Regulation of stroke volume in the heart. "as a larger volume of blood flows into the ventricle, the blood will stretch the walls of the heart, causing a greater expansion during diastole, which in turn increases the force of the contraction and thus the quantity of blood that is pumped into the aorta during systole." |
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What is preload (heart) |
The end-diastolic volume. |
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What is afterload (heart)? |
The pressure in the aorta. If it increases, the stroke volume will be reduced. |
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Sinoatrial node (SA) |
-Main pacemaker of the heart |
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Internodal pathways (SA and AV-node) |
The atrioventricular node recieves impulses from the SA-node by 3 tracts: - Ant. internodal tract of Bachmann - Middle internodal tract of Weckenbach - Posterior internodal tract of Thorel (AV-node delay!) |
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What is Purkinje fibers? |
A fiber system located on the inner ventricular walls of the heart; special myocardial fibers that conducts electricity. |
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Bundle of His: |
From AV-node. Branches: - Left branch at interventricular septum - Right bundle branch - Ant+post. fascicles - Connects to Purkinje system |
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Depolarization-repolarization cycle |
1. Prepotential is built up (K+) 2. Opening of calcium channels, second part of prepotential is built up. (Treshold level reached) 3. Opening of long-lasting Ca-channels; action potential produced 4. At the peak of impulse, K+ channels open, repolarization 5. Depolarization begins again |
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Stimulation of nodal potentials: |
- Noradrenaline (acting on B-1 receptors) - Temperature, stress, physical exercise |
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Inhibition of nodal potentials: |
- Acetylcholine |
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Resting membrane potential for ventricles |
-90mV |
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Refractory period in the heart |
Action potential of myocardium |
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End-diastolic volume: |
120 mL |
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P wave shows |
electrical activation of atria (atrial systole) |
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End-systolic volume |
40-50 mL |
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T-wave shows |
repolarization of ventricles |
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Diastasis/reduced ventricular filling |
Longest phase of the cardiac cycle. Together with the rapid filling: about 500ms |
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What does the ECG record and provide information about? |
Records potential fluctations during cardiac cycle. Provides information about heart position/rythm/size and impulse orgins etc |
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P wave shows... |
atrial depolarization |
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QRS complex shows... |
ventricular depolarization |
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ST segment shows... |
ventricular repolarization |
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T wave shows... |
ventricular repolarization |
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QT interval shows... |
overall time required for repol./depol of the ventricles |
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PQ interval shows... |
time between atrial and ventricular depolarization. Should be 0.12-0.16s. |
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What are the auscultation points in phonocardiography? |
1. Aortic valve: 2nd intercostal space (ICS), Right 2. Pulmonary valve: 2nd ICS, left 3. Tricuspid valve: 5th ICS, right 4. Bicuspid valve: 5th ICS, left midclavicular line |
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Whats the lub and dub heart sounds? |
Lub: cuspidal valves closing at beginning of ventricular systole Dub: closure of semilunar valves after ventricular systole. 0.15s at 25-45 Hz. |
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Cardiac output, CO |
The amount of blood the heart pumps out in a certain time. 5.5L/min average |
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Stroke Volume, SV |
The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles during one cardiac cycle. SV=EDV-ESV |
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Ejection fraction, EF (in percent) |
The fraction of the end-diastolic volume EDV ejected in each stroke volume. 55-60% |
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Normal values for cardiac output: |
CO=5.5 L/min SV= 70mL ESV= 50mL EDV=120mL |